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Home > Molecular Diagnosis Conrol and Identification of Tolerance in Citrus Against Greening Huanglongbing

Molecular Diagnosis Conrol and Identification of Tolerance in Citrus Against Greening Huanglongbing

Thesis Info

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Author

Yaqub, Muhammad Sarwar

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Horticulture

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9641/1/Muhammad_sarwar_yaqub_Horticulture_UAF_2016.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724873073

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Citrus greening (Huanglongbing) is the most destructive disease of citrus. Control of this disease is necessary for the survival of citrus industry. Husain and Nath (1927) described severe damage caused by populations of Diaphorina citri at Sargodha from 1915 to 1920 without any mention the greening disease. Candidatus Liberibacter, a gram negative bacterium is the causal organism of the disease. The natural vector of the disease is citrus psylla. There are two species of this vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Liviidae) and Trioza erytreae (del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Sternorrynca: Triozidae) reported in case of citrus greening. The disease can also be transmitted through budding/grafting. The proposed study was aimed to identify the tolerance in citrus germplasm and to test the effect of antibiotic and heat treatment for cleaning the huanglongbing infected budwood. Conventional as well as quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction method was used for the detection of Candidatus Liberibacter. Monitoring of natural vector of the disease Diaphorina citri kuwayama in the field was also done for identification of tolerance against huanglongbing in the germplasm. Symptom appearance as a result of inoculation of the citrus germplasm was recorded. Huanglongbing was successfully detected in the budwood used for all the experiments; 1160bp and 703bp bands were observed by using OI1/OI2c and A2/J5 primers, respectively. Βeta operon region of huanglongbing pathogen was amplified from greening affected sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) from Pakistan using primer set A2/J5 and sequenced. Alignment results indicated 99% sequence homology with more than 90 blast hits in the NCBI Genebank. Budwood from those source plants was used in all experiments of the present study. Clausena Harmandiana, Glycosmis Pentaphylla, Poncirus trifoliate and Bitter Sweet orange showed HLB negative results by qPCR indicating them tolerant for huanglongbing. Screening was also done on the basis of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri kuwayama) presence on citrus germplasm. On 13 accessions of the total germplasm no Asian citrus psyllid was found in the field. Out of the total, 36.5% accessions showed huanglongbing symptoms. Conventional polymerase chain reaction showed 28.37% of the total germplasm positive for huanglongbing, whereas real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed presence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in 94.60% of the accessions. Negative results were obtained by using tetracycline. Application of 1000ppm tetracycline and 75ppm penicillin gave results. In case of temperature treatment, 68°C and combination of tetracycline 1000ppm + 50°C temperature showed results.
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المبحث الرابع: الفراق

المبحث الرابع: الفراق

قصيدة (لنفترق)([1]) لنازک الملائكة

لنفترق الآن ما دامَ في مقلتینا بریق
وما دام في قعر کأسي وکأسک بعض الرحیقُ 
فعمّا قلیلٍ یطلُّ الصباح ویخبو القمر
ونلمح في الضوء ما رسمتُہ أکفُّ الضجر

علی جبھتینا
وفي شفتینا

وندرک أن الشعور الرقیق
مضى ساخراً وطواہُ القدر

* * *

لنفترق الآنَ ، ما زالَ في شفتينا نغَم
تكبّر أن يكشفَ السر فاختار صمتَ العدَم
وما زال في قطراتِ الندى شفةٌ تتغنّى
وما زال وجهُكَ مثلَ الظلامِ له اَلف معنى

كسته الظلال
جمال المُحال

وقد يعتريهِ جُمُود الصنَم
إذا رفع الليلُ كفيّه عنّا

* * *
لنفترقِ الآن، أسمع صوتاً وراء النخیل
رھیباً أجشّ الرنینِ یذکّرني بالرحیلُ
وأشعر کفیک ترتعشانِ کأنّک تُخفي
شعورَک مثلي وتحبس صرخۃَ حُزنٍ وخوفِ

لم الإرتجاف؟
وفیم نخاف؟

ألسنا سنُدرک عما قلیل
بأن الغرام غمامۃ صیف

* * *

لنفترق الآن، کالغرباء، وننسی الشّعور
وفي الغد یشرقُ دھرٌ جدیدٌ وتمضي عصور
وفیم التذکّر؟ ھل کان غیرُ رؤیً([2]) عابرة
أطافت ھنا برفیقین في ساعۃٍ غابرة؟

وغیرُ مساء
طواہُ الفناء

وأبقی صداہُ وبعض سطور
من الشعر في شفتي شاعرة؟

* * *
لنفترق الآن، أشعر بالبرد والخوفِ۔ دعنا
نغادر ھذا المکان ونرجع من حیثُ جئنا
غریبین نسحبُ عبء ادّاکارتنا الباھتہ
وحیدین نحمل أصداء قصتنا المائتۃ

Integration of Madrassh Islamic Seminary Education With Formal Education System in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities

ABSTRACT: Extremism remains the main concern for global security after 9/11 event. Western countries consider the religious intolerance in Muslim countries as a source of prevailing extremism. Pakistani Madaris (seminaries) are considered as a place for indoctrination of extremism and intolerance. The questions need to be addressed that why and how religious students tended towards extremism. The evidence shows that in Pukhtoon Society; the traditional social institutions of Hujra (Community center) and Jumaat (Mosque) relationship is also affected in post Afghan Soviet war. Hujra (Pukhtoon Community centre) which is traditionally the main supporter and financer of Jumaat (Mosquereligious institution) ; now seems to be overpowered by the religious institutions after getting trained and motivated organized Taliban (students of Indigenous Islamic Education System) and financial freedom after Afghan Soviet war. In this paper the question of legal status given to Taliban and their education status by the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is discussed. For exploring to answer this question both primary and secondary sources of data are used. The study concluded that no properly defined legal status exists for the millions of Taliban graduates in the state; and the aspired streamlining efforts of Madaris with formal education are non productive and ineffective. Even the supreme court of Pakistan is unanswered about the legal status of these graduates. Legislators elected in 2002 National Election faced cases in Supreme Court of Pakistan of their ineligibility based on the in¬ equivalency of their Madaris Sanad (Degree) to the formal University Degree of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan tried to mainstream Madaris education with formal education system of Pakistan, through changing their curricula which is all time resisted by Madaris. It is concluded at the end of the study of integrating Madaris education with formal education system in vertical arrangement rather than in horizontal or lateral arrangement (change of curriculum and amalgamation of courses etc.) . The approach of Vertical arrangement acknowledge the importance and value of both systems and provide benefits to the stakeholders in large. Different modalities are discussed in this paper.

Emerging Paradigm of Information and Communication Technologies Use in Teacher Training Institutions of Pakistan

The study “Emerging Paradigm of Information and Communication Technologies Use in Teacher Training Institutions of Pakistan” was conducted through survey approach. Main objectives of the study were to; (1) Assess the teachers’ and students’ attitude towards the use of ICTs, (2) Evaluate the existing situation of ICTs utilization, (3) Investigate the teachers’ and students’ skills to use these technologies and (4) Examine the barriers in the utilization of ICTs. 1805 students out of 3609 and 442 out of 442 teachers were taken as a sample of the study through random and universal sampling techniques respectively. A questionnaire was developed on five point Likert scale to elicit the opinions of students and teachers. The salient findings of the study were; (1) Majority of the teachers and students are frequent user of e-mailing, word-processing and Internet browsing. (2) A considerable number of teachers was infrequent user of spreadsheets. (3) Majority of the teachers opined that that they have good skills of e-mailing, word-processing, presentations and Internet browsing while they have insufficient skills to use spreadsheets. (4) Majority of the respondents both teachers and students opined that lack of training, power failure, lack of hardware and lack of confidence were major barriers in up taking these technologies. On the basis of the findings it was concluded that (1) Both teachers and students have positive attitude towards ICTs. (2) Both teachers and students are frequent user of e-mailing, word-processing and Internet browsing. (3) Both teachers and students have sufficient skills to use e-mailing, word-processing and Internet viiibrowsing while teachers have insufficient skills to use spreadsheets. Similarly students have insufficient skill to use spreadsheets and presentation technologies. (4) Major barrier to the uptake of ICTs were lack of training, power failure, lack of hardware and lack of confidence. Therefore, on the basis of these conclusions the following recommendations were made (1) Maximum deployment of these technologies may be ensured to address the barrier of lack of hardware. (2) A judicious policy may be developed and implemented for continuous training of technological usage so that teachers may become familiar with advancement in these technologies. (3) Use of spreadsheets and presentations may be enhanced (4) Especial emphasis may be given to address the problems of lack of training, power failure, lack of hardware and lack of confidence.