Corporate environmentalism refers to the recognition by a corporation of the importance of environmental issues and how it integrates those issues into its strategy. A developing country provides a very different context with regard to environmental issues. The researcher has proposed an extended corporate environmentalism model and tested this model in a developing country, Pakistan. Six theories including Stakeholder Theory, Institutional approach, Strategic Fit, Slack Resource Theory, Agency Theory and Resource Based View were analyzed for development of extended corporate environmentalism model. The drivers of corporate environmental strategies were separated in internal and external factors. Internal drivers include issue legitimation, discretionary slack, employee concern, BOD concern and international experience while external drivers include regulatory forces, customer concern, competitive advantage, competitor concern, activists pressures and media concern. Top management commitment was taken as antecedent as well as mediator in the proposed model. Impact of industry type and corporation size on the proposed model was also analyzed. Data were collected through a questionnaires survey from 356 managers from organizations in a variety of industries from major cities of Pakistan. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was applied for model fit measures while Preacher and Hayes (2004) macro (syntax for SPSS) was used for mediation analysis. This study makes a contribution by identifying institutional pressures in the form of regulatory forces (coercive forces), issue legitimation (normative forces), competitive advantage and competitors (mimic forces) as important drivers for Pakistani organizations. Conversely, customer, media and activists are less effective drivers for corporate environmental strategies.
نیشنل بک ٹرسٹ انڈیا نے اس کتاب کی پشت پر علامہ اقبال کے حوالے سے مختصرا تعارف پیش کیا ہے ساتھ ہی پروفیسر عبد الحق کا تعارف بھی درج ہے۔ وہاں واضح طور پر لکھا ہے کہ اقبال نے ہندوستان کی فلاح و بہبود کے لیے بڑے پر سوز نغمے پیش کیے ہیں۔ اقبال زندگی کے کسی بھی دور میں ہندوستان کے معاملات سے بے نیاز نہ ہوئے۔ آپ نے مغرب کی غلامی سے نجات حاصل کرنے اور آپس میں اتحاد و اتفاق سے رہنے پر زور دیا۔ وطن کی عظمت کا احساس اور باہمی اتحاد ہی اقبال کی شاعری کا مرکز ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کے تعارف میں لکھا ہے کہ پروفیسر عبدالحق اردو کا ایک معتبر نام ہے۔ انہیں اقبال سے خاص دلچسپی ہے ۔ 1965ء میں "اقبالیات کا تنقیدی مطالعہ " کے موضوع پر ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی ۔ اب تک اقبال سے متعلق ان کی بہت سی کتابیں شائع ہو چکی ہیں ۔ ان کی تقریباً 24 کتابیں ہیں جن میں تراجم بھی شامل ہیں۔ وہ 37 سال کا تدریسی تجربہ رکھتے ہیں ۔ دہلی یونیورسٹی سے پروفیسر کی حیثیت سے 2004 ء میں سبک دوش ہوئے۔ کشمیر یونی ورسٹی اور جواہر لعل نہرو یونیورسٹی میں وزیٹنگ پروفیسر کی حیثیت سے کام کرتے رہے۔ انہیں متعدد اعزاز بھی مل چکے ہیں۔ انہیں دہلی اردو اکادمی کی جانب سے 2006ء میں تحقیق و تنقید کا اعزاز پیش کیا گیا۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق نے اس کتاب میں پہلے مقدمہ تحریر کیا ہے پھر کچھ منتخب نظمیں ، غزلیں اور رباعیات ، تعلیمی اداروں ، اساتذہ، ملازمت، اردو اور فارسی کتب کا ذکر کیا ہے۔ اس طرح بات آگے چلی تو یہاں تک پہنچی کہ: ”جنگ آزادی کی تحریک میں عملی حصہ لیا“ (۱) ناشر نے بھی اس بات کا دعوی کیا تھا اور...
Enough of humiliation and what India calls as defaming by the resolutions by OIC on Kashmir, India has dealt with the challenges it had to face to enter into OIC. The tale of challenges faced by India, and the reciprocal attitude of New Delhi is a concrete depiction of international politics based on national interests, and where International organizations voice for human rights but get overpowered by individual member’s national interests. This piece of paper encompasses a show of challenges what India had to face, could overcome them and how creating challenges for its rivals.
Surgical gowns are worn in the operating room to reduce the incidence of nosocomial wound infections in patients and to prevent the exposure of medical personnel to pathogens in blood and other body fluids from the patient. The main purpose of using surgical gowns is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from surgical team and patient‟s skin to the surgical wound. The present research was focused to minimize the causes of blood borne transmission of micro-organisms in the operation theaters of Pakistan. The study was conducted in three phases. The first phase involves the evaluation of existing surgical gowns on the basis of international standards followed by successive laundering and sterilization processes being carried out in Pakistani hospital, in order to analyze the results under real conditions. This phase of the research work was designed to analyze the current situation regarding the infection transmission in operation theaters of Pakistan. In the second phase, using various fabric materials and construction parameters fabric for surgical gowns was manufactured and laundered and sterilized as for phase one. The textile testing was performed on experimental surgical gowns. The third phase included the wearer trails of existing and experimental surgical gowns. The results indicated that the existed surgical gown showed significant deterioration after successive laundering and sterilization processes whereas the experimental gowns in phase two of the study were less effected by laundering and sterilization processes and showed excellent results. The overall conclusion drawn from present study was that the existing surgical gown fabric is not suitable for surgical gowns and the hospital should switch to the experimental surgical gown fabric.