زنا کے معاشرتی اثرات اور حد کی تنفیذ کا نبوی منہج: تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Adultery, immorality and sexual misconduct is a major crime, which has been condemned in all previous legislations sent by Allah, ancient nations, the bedouin tribes and in Islamic law. The religion of Islam not only forbids adultery, rather it prohibits going even near the causes leading to it. From medicinal point of view, adultery may cause AIDS, herpes etc. The word “zina” means to have sexual relationship without a marriage contract. Its synonyms in Arabic are: al bigha, al safah, al anat, and al fahisha.  Islam imposes punishment on unmarried people committing adultery. According to Imam al shaf’i, the punishment is one hundred lashes for both man and the woman, and exile for one year. Whereas Imam Abu Hanifa only imposes one hundred lashes. For a married adulterer, the punishment is hundred lashes and death by stoning. Rest of the jurists unanimously agree that they will only be stoned to death. Majority of the scholars agree that if a concubine commits adultery, she will be giving fifty lashes. According to Saeed bin Musayyib, she will be beaten in order to teach her decent manners. In order to impose the punishment of zina on someone, it will be ensured that the adulterer is an adult, the woman should not be from a country who is at war with the Muslims, she is alive and the adultery has taken place in a Muslim country. Among the the repulsive results of adultery are spread of sexually transmitted diseases, increase in number of illegitimate children, lesser percentage of legitimate children and increase in crimes. One of the factors pointing towards the prohibition of zina is that it has been   forbidden since early Islam and a severe punishment has been imposed on it. Of the vices of zina is the mixing up of lineages.  Our society today is flooded with immoral behaviour, which is endangering our “iman” and “yaqeen” and is driving our society towards destruction. This wave of immorality has reached the elite of the society and it is obligatory upon every individual to put his share in stopping it.

Study of Aerosol Deposition Rates Using 210Pb, 137Cs and 7Be Inventories in Soil

Atmospherically-derived natural (7Be, 210 Pb) and anthropogenic (137Cs) radioactive isotopes in air, rain water and soil have been used to explore and understand the transport processes of aerosols in the atmosphere and their subsequent removal from the atmosphere through wet deposition to natural surfaces on the earth. A systematic set of experiments were performed for the measurement of 210 Pb and 7Be concentrations in the surface level air samples. The samples were collected on glass fibre filters by using a portable air sampler at the Department of Physics, CIIT, Islamabad over an 18 months period (July 2007 to January 2009) and measured by employing the non-destructive technique of γ-ray spectroscopy through N-type HPGe spectrometer. The annual average surface air concentrations of 210 Pb and 7Be isotopes were determined to be 0.284±0.15 and 3.171±1.14 mBq m-3, respectively. The largest and smallest concentrations of 210 Pb were observed in air masses approaching to the sampling point from the low lands with no forests and forested high lands, respectively, showing its source region and interception of aerosols by foliar surfaces. Concentrations of 7Be were found higher during spring season, consistent with its stratospheric source region. Lower concentrations of both radionuclides were observed during periods of high rainfalls, indicating that rain is a dominant removal agent of aerosols from the atmosphere. The activity and deposition rates of 210 Pb and 7Be isotopes were determined in the open rain water and throughfall samples, collected from Murree, using γ-ray spectroscopy on HPGe detector. Mean values of concentrations (annual deposition fluxes) of 210 Pb- and 7Be-bearing aerosols, respectively, in open rain and throughfall samples were found as: -1 -2 -1 7 -1 -2 210 -1 mBq.l (21.1 Bq m y ), Be: 572.9±201.4 mBq l (415.6 Bq m y ) and Pb: 29.7±11.0 210 Pb: 16.7±6.3 mBq.l-1 (9.8 Bq m-2 y-1), Be: 441.74±321.04 mBq l-1 (294.56 Bq m-2 y-1). Concentrations and deposition fluxes for both isotopes in open rain samples were found comparatively higher than that of throughfall samples. Reduction of these quantities in throughfall samples is the manifestation of the fact that rough surfaces of plantation leaves are effectively intercepting radionuclides-bearing aerosols from the atmosphere. Seasonal trend in the concentrations of both radionuclides, similar to air measurements, was observed with the lowest concentration of 210 Pb in summer season (consistent with soil as its origin and effectively washed out with rain during the monsoon period in South Asia) and the highest concentration of 7Be in spring season (consistent with stratospheric origin). A positive correlation between 210 Pb and 7Be deposition was seen, indicating that these two isotopes can not be used as independent atmospheric tracers. To see the effect of altitude, open rain samples only were also collected from Islamabad during the period from September 2009 to October 2010. The annual mean flux values of 210 Pb and 7Be here in the open lawn rain samples were found to be 1137 Bq m-2 y-1 and 3801 Bq m-2 y-1 respectively. The comparison of results from both sites showed higher 210 Pb and 7Be values for Islamabad and Murree respectively. Activity concentrations and inventories of atmospherically deposited 210 Pb and 137 Cs radionuclides in undisturbed woodland and adjacent open grassland soils were determined in Islamabad and Murree regions. Based on our results, these values for the 210 Pb isotope were found comparatively higher in samples collected under woodland soils than the soil samples of open land, while, that of 137 Cs are higher in almost all samples collected from open land soils compared to those samples collected under woodland soils. The depth profile of 210 Pb is showing a decreasing trend in its activity along the depth in soils, with the maximum value at the top (0-5 cm) layer of the soil, while 137 Cs activity in most samples was found maximum in the 2nd (5-10 cm) and some times in 3rd (10-15 cm) layers, indicating that 137 Cs radionuclides have been leached out to the deeper layers of soil with the passage of time. Radon concentrations in drinking water, indoor air and soil gas samples collected from Islamabad and Murree areas were measured by the active technique, using RAD-7 detector. Higher radon concentrations were found in the water, indoor air and soil gas samples collected from Islamabad region as compared to that from Murree region. Higher values of radon concentration in water of Islamabad region were found consistent with the origin of radon source (bore hole/well water) and the lower values in the samples of Murree region were indicating the surface source of drinking water and the frequent flow of air at high altitude sites. The contribution of mean annual effective doses from radon contained in the samples of Islamabad and Murree regions were deduced and found lower than the recommended values of UNSCEAR, ICRP and US EPA, thus posing no threat to the health of the local people. In the last, the latent damage trails of fission fragments in CR-39 plastic detectors (exposed to 252 Cf source) were revealed through etching process, using various amounts of Na2CO3-mixed 6M NaOH solutions as etchants. Track etching parameters such as sensitivity, efficiency, etch induction time, track and bulk etch velocities and track activation energies in the detector, were determined. The results were compared with other similar studies and found with nice agreement. The reduced etch induction times and activation energies in CR-39 detectors were observed when etched them at 4% Na2CO3-mixed NaOH solution. Efforts were also made for the fabrication of micro/nano filters in CR-39 detectors, to fractionate the size distribution of aerosols.