Contamination of drinking water with nitrate and fluoride is an issue of global concern. These contaminants are considered a priority in drinking water policy due to their detrimental impacts on health and environment. Long term exposure to high levels of fluoride and nitrate concentration in drinking water produce various ill health effects, affecting millions of people around the globe. These anions are prone to leaching from soil to groundwater and through runoff to surface water bodies. Like many growing economies of the world, Pakistan is an agricultural country with huge dependence on fertilizers (3,184.5, 880.9 and 23.7 thousand tonnes of Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potash respectively) to fulfil the ever-increasing demands for food. In addition, access to clean drinking water, proper sanitation and management of livestock waste are some of the common issues in the rural areas of the country. Keeping in view the potential of nitrate and fluoride contamination of groundwater from natural as well as anthropogenic sources, this study was conducted in an agriculturally intensive district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The first part of this work explores drinking water quality by analyzing various parameters, and the second part employs soil-related analyses. A total of 100 drinking water (mainly groundwater) and 96 composite soil samples were collected from 25 villages of District Mardan, encompassing four zones through random sampling techniques. Water samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids, microbial contamination, selected anions (F-, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, PO43- and SO42-) and cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+). Soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, moisture content, texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, mineral nitrogen, selected anions (F-, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, PO43- and SO42-), and cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+). Groundwater samples of Alo, Dehri, Kunj and Katti Garhi villages in Katlang zone, Fazal Abad, Mayar, Garhi Kapura and Butseri villages in Mardan zone, Cheena, Palu Dehri and Surkhabi villages in Rustam zone, Hussai and Hatyan villages in Takhtbahi zone were positive for E. coli. Concentration of F- was in the range of 0.05 to 10.8 mg/L and a mean value of 0.79 mg/L. Zone-wise different mean values were determined for Katlang (0.37 mg/L), Mardan (1.57 mg/L), Rustam (0.68 mg/L) and Takhtbahi (0.55 mg/L). ANOVA showed significant values for F- and SO42- (p<0.05) in overall samples of the groundwater. Mean concentration of F- was above the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L in three villages namely Fazal Abad and Garhi Kapura in Mardan zone while Surkhabi village in Rustam zone. In case of NO3- groundwater samples showed a mean value of 22.71 mg/L and a range 0-194.7 mg/L for district Mardan. Takhtbahi zone showed a xi relatively higher mean value of NO3- (29.28 mg/L) followed by Katlang zone (26.12 mg/Kg), Rustam zone (20.60 mg/Kg) and Mardan zone (15.20 mg/L). Two villages Dehri in Katlang zone and Palu Dehri in Rustam zone showed mean concentrations of NO3- beyond the WHO safe value of 50 mg/L. Soil of the district was generally alkaline, Mardan zone showed a high pH of 8.37 followed by Rustam (8.05), Takhtbahi (7.64) and Katlang zone (7.60) respectively. Soil Texture revealed a high content of silt followed by sand and clay. ANOVA showed most significant value (p<0.05) for silt and sand in all zones. Like the rest of the country soil of the study area was organic matter deficient i.e. Katlang zone (1.52%), Mardan zone (1.38%), Rustam zone (1.28%) and Takhtbahi zone (0.91%). Concentration of F- increased with the depth of the soil samples. Pandehri Bala village in Mardan zone has a minimum F- concentration (0.33 mg/Kg) and Butseri village of the same zone has a higher mean value of 4.24 mg/Kg in their soil samples. ANOVA showed significant value (p<0.05) for F- in soil samples. Mean concentration of NO3- was 12.06 for Katlang, 23.32 mg/Kg for Mardan, 22.98 mg/Kg for Rustam and 18.31 mg/Kg for Takhtbahi zone. Unlike F-, the concentration of NO3- decreased with the increasing depth of the soil samples. Soil of Alo village in Katlang zone showed a minimum mean concentration for NO3- (3.83 mg/Kg) and village of Palu Dehri in Rustam zone showed a maximum mean concentration (35.93 mg/Kg). ANOVA showed significant value (p<0.05) for NO3- in all soil samples both zone-wise and depth-wise. Depth-wise analysis of soil indicated that F- was a natural constituent of the parent rocks and NO3- was present due to excessive application of fertilizers especially nitrogenous. Organic matter and clay contents of soil samples revealed no significant correlation with the groundwater concentration of NO3- and F-. Irrespective of the fertilizers application rates, soil profiles of Mardan and Katlang zones showed evidence for greater NO3- retention and hence pose less threat to groundwater sources. On the other hand, soil profile of Mardan and Rustam zones showed more water-soluble F-. It is concluded that groundwater of the district is contaminated with various pollutants from natural and anthropogenic sources. Generally, mean values of the studied anions and cations for each zone were below the permissible levels of WHO and NEQS of Pakistan except F- in Mardan zone and E. coli contamination of groundwater sources in some villages. Regular monitoring of the groundwater sources of the study area is a way forward to protect public health from the associated risks.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
38:01 a. Saad. b. By The Divine Qur’an - full of Remembrance and Reminders.
38:02 a. They do not have any reason to reject it. b. Instead, those who disbelieve are lost in conceit and dissent.
38:03 a. How many generations have WE destroyed before them for the same sins! b. Then they cried out for help when it was far too late to repent and escape the punishment.
38:04 a. Yet they are surprised that a Warner should come to them from among themselves. b. And the disbelievers say to one another: c. ‘This Prophet is a deceiver, a liar!’
38:05 a. How ‘has he made our worshipful entities into only One worshipful entity of Allah? b. Surely this is very astonishing and a curious thing, indeed!’
38:06 a. And the leaders among them went about saying: b. ‘Let us go out of here. c. And remain faithful to your worshipful entities. d. Indeed, this is what is extremely desirable.’
38:07 a. ‘We have not heard anything like this in the religion of these later days. b. So this concept is nothing but a fabrication.’
38:08 a. How has the Reminder - The Qur’an - been sent down on to him alone from among all of us? b. No! c. Instead, they are lost in doubts about MY Reminder.
d. No! e. In fact, they have not yet tasted MY Punishment!
Youth is the real asset of any nation as it plays an important and significant role in the development of society. Youngsters are the future of any nation as they take the charge of the promotion and progress of the society. If youth of a nation stands corrupted the entire nation slides into regression and decadence. But if the youth of a society treads the right path the entire nation succeeds both here and hereafter. Adolescence is a time when a person undergoes changes both physically intellectually. This study was basically designed to explore the role of young companions of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) in the defense and development of Islamic state Madīnah. The approach applied for the collection and analysis of data was qualitative and descriptive. The review of literature uncovered that the young companions, progress the in role cardinal a played (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet of advancement, defense, and development of the society. The Holy Prophet young of education and training the towards attention special paid (صلى الله عليه وسلم) companion which enhanced their capacity and level of motivation and led them to work with enthusiasm. The kind behavior of our Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) enabled them to transform their selves, their families, Meccah, Madīnah and the surroundings of the these sacred cities. Within the shortest possible period they spread the peaceful message of Islam and brought a positive change in the society and particularly established the peace in Madīnah. They built a strong defense of Madīnah from internal and external challenges and laid strong foundations for social, moral, economic and political development of the Islamic state Madīnah. It is, therefore, recommended to encourage the youth of Pakistan to make them realize their duties towards Pakistan and Islam so that they can play a significant role in the development and progress of Islam and Pakistan.
Present day low quantity, high variety, and make-to-order manufacturing scenario demands concurrent product development. Major attributes required for concurrent product development are: seamless and bi-directional data flow among design, manufacturing and quality control cycles. This thesis documents research in to the field of generic feature based design and manufacturing process planning of discrete sheet metal bend parts. In this context sheet metal forming is subjected to various variations, due to which state of the art in sheet metal pressbrake forming is still recognized as a separate and vague island of automation. Formal integration of standards and specifications is required for knowledge retrieval, generated during manufacturing phase. Sheet metal pressbrake forming is subjected to various process and material variations and ultimate shape of a 3D formed part depends upon the capability and health of the equipment of a native manufacturing setup. Process planning and process parameters are optimized by altering some of the design attributes. Valuable knowledge generated during this activity is lost and is not communicated back to the upstream design stage. This research highlights several issues regarding feature based design and manufacturing of discrete sheet metal parts. Contemporary standards STEP (STandard for Exchange of Product data) and STEP-NC ( STandard for Exchange of Product data for Numerical Control ) are utilized to formulate a framework for feature based design and manufacturing of discrete sheet metal parts augmented with the capability of knowledge retrieval. Major contribution of this research is a proposed framework for feature based design and manufacturing of discrete sheet metal parts developed on the basis of STEP and STEP-NC standards. It outputs a generic feature based manufacturing process plan that could be mapped and optimized according to the capabilities of a native manufacturing environment. In the proposed framework STEP enabled manufacturing process plan communicates generic information independent of any vendor specific detailing which is mostly based on rigid data formats such as ISO 6983. Functional requirements of the framework are categorized into three independent modules for the CNC pressbrake process control unit: 3 (1) Feature based design development of discrete sheet metal parts (2) Generic feature based process planning of discrete sheet metal parts (3) Offline process plan optimization according to the capabilities of a native manufacturing environment. The framework was validated through experimentation on a CNC pressbrake with 3-axis back gauge locating capabilities. STEP & STEP-NC compliant framework for feature based design and manufacturing of discrete sheet metal parts provides a powerful tool for generating generic process plans and knowledge retrieval generated during final process plan optimization and execution. Prototype system using ST-Developer® Visual C++ libraries is developed to demonstrate the functionality of the proposed framework.