Discovery of natural resources like oil in developing countries has mixed impacts on the economy. At best, it is positive, at worst negative and in the middle, insignificant or none at all. Such mix up in the impacts has been explained empirically in terms of technical challenges in fiscal, monetary and other decisions. Utilizing a Computable General Equilibrium model and the Uganda Social Accounting Matrix 2007, this study attempts to establish the possible impact of the country’s oil on households. Three simulations are performed on production, absorption and export of oil. Thereafter, the results are analyzed using Distributive Analysis Statistical Package (DASP) software to establish their effects on households’ poverty, inequality and welfare. Generally, the simulations show that the discovery reduces both poverty and inequality. Specifically, in comparison to the baseline simulation, oil production, absorption and exports reduces absolute poverty, poverty gaps and severity. Further, the simulation results show that production, absorption and export reduce the Gini coefficient, implying a reduction in inequality. Other measures of inequality, notably Thiel L, T and S produce similar results and conclusions across simulations like that of the first measure. In the context of welfare, we note that the Hoover Index, and other welfare measures such as HI, TL and TT show significant changes. These measures show an improvement in households’ welfare for production, absorption and exports. The equivalent variation of individual households shows a positive effect on welfare except the urban farm households. By and large, the findings confirm the spillover effects of oil on all sectors of the economy with the exception of manufacturing and services. Further, we observe a positive impact of all the simulations on GDP, calculated by expenditures approach, exports, imports and private consumption; whereas a negative effect is noted for GDP, calculated by income and output approach, investment, government surplus and balance of payment position. This study recommends the managers of the economy to pay special attention to inject a reasonable portion of oil rent in those sectors which positively contribute to the economy, diversify the non-oil exports and above all boost private consumption.
ناطق ایک انوکھا ادیب ہے،جس کا شمار ان عصری ادب کے ادیبو ں میں ہوتاہے جنہوں نے اپنے عصری دور کو اپنے متاثر کن کام سے حیران کیا ہے،جو تہذیب اور تاریخ کی ایسی منظر کشی کرتے ہیں کہ پڑھنے والا دنگ رہ جاتا ہے۔اردو ادب میں ناطق کا کام حیرت زدہ کرنے والا ہے۔کیونکہ وہ حقیت اور کہانی کے پیچیدہ پہلوؤں کو لے کر سامنے آتا ہے۔ان کی غیر مطبوعہ کتب درج ذیل ہیں:’’کوفے کا مسافر(ناول)‘‘ناطق نے اپنے لکھنے کا آغاز شاعری سے کیا، نظم لکھنا سب سے پہلے شروع کی۔ان کی ادبی تخلیقات کا مختصراًجائزہ کچھ یوں ہے۔
Islamic education curriculum has central value for education process, as education vision direction. Islamic education mission is how to create religious people by leaning perfectly. Curriculum becomes one of success applications and quality in education institution most. Curriculum will develop based on global world and people life style existency. Therefore, education should view people life style increased as learning source that is becomed a value for curriculum step making. Beside that, islamic education curriculum development also becomes teacher’s choice to implement learning manner in class. In where, it’s implementation should be arranged and systematically to make maximal learning either in development vision, indicator, lesson teory, lesson model proccess, learning evaluation or teacher’s development skill. The process of islamic education curriculum development must be done good and awesome also seeing several factors as supports and obstacles of it. In other to get an education result based on such the plan made before(education planning).
The study analyzes weak wealth sustainability of Pakistan’s economy by sectors and overall from 1971 to 2012 through the impact of genuine savings and value added approaches. On average the overall economy is sustainable due to adequacy of national savings but not sustainable due to domestic savings. Genuine savings and value added both give the same estimates. Since savings are one of the most important components of the wealth accumulation, therefore the study also estimated saving function of the overall economy in order to identify the determinants of the function and thus the determinants of wealth accumulation. Vector error correction model has been specified for analysis of saving function. The study also analyzes sectoral sustainability of the economy. The study categorizes the economy into three sectors; agriculture, industry and services. Sectoral savings data are required to check sectoral sustainability of the economy through the impact of genuine savings. The data are not available and it is difficult to decompose the overall savings series into the sectoral savings. Therefore, the study uses value-added approach to genuine savings to check the sectoral sustainability. The approach isolates the sector and provides comparison of the net value added along with the consumption of the economy/sector. The economy/sectors is/are sustainable when net value-added is greater than or equal to the consumption. The study uses D for all negative indicators of the economy/sector. Therefore D is the sum of all natural resource depletion and costs of air and water pollutions. The study derived the D and consumption for economy/sector and subtracted D from the value added of economy/sector to get what the study called genuine value added of the economy/sector. The agriculture sector is not sustainable even in single period of the analysis; values of genuine savings are negative throughout the period of analysis and the values are increasing in negative Page 8 of 158 dimension with respect to time reflecting large depletion of the wealth. On average industrial sector of the economy is sustainable, genuine savings of the sector are negative from 1971 to 1972 and then 1977 and 1978 and positive in the rest of the years. Service sector of the economy is sustainable; the values of genuine savings of the sector are positive throughout the period of analysis. The role of agriculture sector in national wealth accumulation is negative. The service sector contribution in national wealth accumulation is positive. The role of industrial sector on average over the period of analysis is positive. The relationship between D and value added is positive in the long run but there is no short run causality running from value added to D in each sector.