Home > Linking Ethical Leadership and Ethical Climate to Employees Performance: Mediating role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive work Behavior
Linking Ethical Leadership and Ethical Climate to Employees Performance: Mediating role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive work Behavior
Organizations are more interested in examining the role of ethical leaders than ever before due to several high profiled corporate ethical downfalls and due to increasing responsibility put on leaders since last two decade. Base on theories of Social Learning and Social Exchange, present study was designed to examine the influences of ethical leadership of school heads and ethical climates that prevail in the public sector schools on employees’ performance (teachers) and the mediating effect of organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior of employees (teachers). For empirical testing of framework, non-probability sampling (purposive sampling) methodology was used. The participants involved principals / vice-principals / headmasters / deputy headmasters from one hundred seven different public schools. Of total 300 distributed questionnaires, 237 received back participation rate 79%. Finally, 220 questionnaires were selected as per present research criteria. Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression analysis, factor analysis and cross tabulations were performed on the collected data using AMOS and SPSS v. 21.0 software. The results were drawn on the parameters set, and they show that ethical leadership enhances ethical climate. Findings indicate a significant and positive influence of ethical leadership on counterproductive work behavior but no significant influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Ethical climate has strong significant and positive influence on organizational citizenship behavior but no significant impact on counterproductive work behavior. Moreover, iv organizational citizenship behavior has significant positive impact on employees’ performance but counterproductive work behavior has no significant impact on employees’ performance. Findings also suggest that employees’ performance is influenced by ethical leadership through counterproductive work behavior but not through organizational citizenship. Moreover, employees’ performance is influenced by ethical climate through organizational citizenship behavior but not through counterproductive work. The research also highlights the recent updates about the workplace; as it utilizes counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior as mediators in relation to employees’ performance. Base on present study, it is recommended that if an organization wants to improve performance of its employees, there is a dire need to emphasis more on ethical aspects especially the aspect of ethical leadership and climate which really play a vital role in the this concern. However, with the existence of the effect of both may be nullified. Therefore, organizational citizenship behavior plays a vital role through which the impact of ethical leadership and climate is transmuted in the shape of employees’ performance. Additionally, it is recommended that policy makers should focus on the training and monitoring of employees for better outcomes. Current study has its theoretical and practical implications
عبدالمجیب سہالوی افسوس ہے کہ ۲؍ نومبر ۲۰۰۱ء کو مشہور مزاحیہ نگار اور صحافی عبدالمجیب سہالوی کا انتقال ہوگیا ان کا وطن ضلع بارہ بنکی کا قصبہ سہالی تھا جو درس نظامی کے بانی ملا نظام الدین کا وطن ہونے کی بنا پر عالم گیر شہرت رکھتا ہے۔ مرحوم عبدالمجیب سہالوی کی تعلیم دار العلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ میں ہوئی پھر انہوں نے لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی سے وکالت کی ڈگری لی مگر صحافت کے پیشہ سے وابستہ رہے۔ ان کو ادب کی مخصوص صنف طنز و مزاح سے دلچسپی تھی، ایک زمانے میں لکھنو سے نکلنے والا مشہور روزنامہ قومی آواز پورے اترپردیش میں چھایا ہوا تھا، مگر پچھلے کئی برسوں سے وہ یہاں سے تو غائب ہوگیا مگر اس کو اور اس کے فکاہی کالم ’’گلوریاں‘‘ کو ابھی تک لوگ بھولے نہیں ہیں۔ یہ کالم سہالوی صاحب ہی لکھتے تھے اور اس کی وجہ سے ان کو بڑی شہرت ملی۔ لکھنؤ کی شستہ و شیریں زبان اور طنز و مزاح کا کالم سونے پر سہاگا ہوتا تھا۔ ان کے دلچسپ فکاہی مضامین کا ایک مجموعہ ’’مفلسی میں آٹا گیلا‘‘ کے نام سے عرصہ ہوا شائع ہوا تھا جو بہت پسند کیا گیا۔ انہوں نے طویل عمر پائی لیکن عرصے سے ان کا نام سننے میں نہیں آرہا تھا گویا موتواقبل ان تموتوا کی تفسیر ہوگئے تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ادب و صحافت کے اس خادم کی مغفرت فرمائے اور پس ماندگان کو تسلی عطا کرے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جنوری ۲۰۰۲ء)
From the very first day, the scholars of the Ummah, Particularly from the time of Imm Shf movements of Islamic thought originated, which affected not only the Arabic world but the whole Islamic world. There had been movements of severe revenge and bloodshed and a lot of people were killed. Imm Nawras is one of those unique people who served the Islamic thought from such dangerous storms. Day and night he made selfless efforts. He criticized the falsehood and injustice. The period of Imm Nawras was plagued with severe gales of argumentations. This became the cause of Invitational, reformative and renewing movement of Imm Nawras. It faced the western and European attacks which appeared after Industrial and ideological revolutions of Europe. Before starting the movement, he did deep study of current affairs, Islamic thought and history. He studied the reasons due to which chaos of Islamic thought began. It was necessary to study all the situations and to fight with the contemporary Atheistic thought and wipe out its effects. So this article discusses intellectual contributions of Imm Nawras. He is great in handling the critical situation, and his conservative positive criticism is excellent. He is one of those luckiest persons who survived and got a chance to serve humanity. He was unique in handling intellectual issues away from dialectical demagoguery. Imm Nawras really worked great for Islam. His principles regarding intellectual positive criticism, his philosophical thoughts, his criticism on mystic issues are presented here in this article. It is important to study and analyze Nawras ’s amazing ability and his critical positive approach and treatment of constructive issues away from the ego.
This study explored the perceptions of the senior management and practitioners of the Institute for Emergency Education (IEE/pseudonym) about their perceptions of and approaches towards non-formal education that they undertook in an Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs') camp in Sindh, during last year's flood disaster in Pakistan. The IEE' effort was part of the relief response extended towards those affected by the disaster. In this regard, the study adopted the qualitative research paradigm, within which the data was collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The study finds that the Institute saw non-formal education as a more relevant and appropriate strategy to help people with educational and other kinds of related support during the emergency situations. The study shares some meanings given to non-formal education by the participants according to which non-formal education is a flexible arrangement whereby no prescribed curriculum was needed. Furthermore, this flexibility afforded the participants to address other related issues (in addition/related to education) faced by the IDPs, such as matters of health and hygiene, safety and security, socialization in camps and so forth. The study also documents the use of pedagogies such as: puppet shows (to attract children in camps), story-telling and different kinds of locally known games. The study also documents the IEE' training of teachers for carrying out non-formal education in the camps. In addition, the study also reports the challenges faced during providing educational support to the IDPs during the emergency situations. The study finally concludes by drawing some insights and recommendations about the role of non-formal education and related teacher training to combat educational needs of the communities in emergency situations.