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Home > Pakistan Peoples Party: An Assessment of its Role in the Promotion of a Democtratic Culture in Pakistan 1988-99

Pakistan Peoples Party: An Assessment of its Role in the Promotion of a Democtratic Culture in Pakistan 1988-99

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Khan, Bakhtiar.

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Political science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9259/1/Bakhtiar%20Khan_Political%20Science_2018_UoPeshawar_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724899662

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This study examines the role of Pakistan Peoples Party in the politics of Pakistan from 1988 to 1999. The party contributed towards the restoration of democracy after a constant struggle against the dictatorship which ruled over the country for more than a decade (1977 to 1988). PPP, under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto ruled Pakistan twice, though with a simple majority each time in the parliament. Benazir started as a prime minister with great enthusiasm as evident from initiatives that were to bring a change in different aspects of the national life. Social Action Program to improve the living standard of common man, lifting of ban on trade unions, guarantee the freedom of press and conversion of death sentence into life imprisonment were some of the praiseworthy steps of her government. While in government twice she tried to improve relationship with International Community particularly with India. The expectation could, however, only marginally materialized on the account of the confrontation in which her government indulged with the opposition. Several challenges like (hostility with IJI in the Punjab, MQM in Sindh, the Army and the President) obstructed the smooth functioning of PPP rule on both occasions. Despite these challenges, the party should have played the game of politics according to rules and to materialize its pledges made with the masses. Apart from these, the mishandling of government resource, nepotism and favoritism overshadowed issues of vital significance. While choosing to sit on the opposition benches, Benazir Bhutto followed a healthy tradition of accepting the mandate of ruling Pakistan Muslim League. But PPP’s role as the main opposition platform was dominated more by the elements of hatred and revenge rather than cooperation. Benazir wasted her energies in skirmishing with her political rivals and with other state institutions such as the military and judiciary. Ethnic troubles provoking law and order in Sindh on both occasions of the PPP rule posed serious threats to its survival. This virtually rendered those efforts ineffective which the PPP could use for democracy and development. The study concludes that despite the follies made, PPP has the credit of bringing democracy back to the country. Mostly qualitative tools are used to determine various dimensions and depths of this study. Both historical and descriptive methods are used looking to the nature of the study. In order to collect the relevant information, both primary and secondary sources were used.
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محمد طفیل

جناب محمد طفیل
ادھر گذشہ تین مہینے میں اس برصغیر میں چار موتیں ہوئیں جن سے علمی حلقے کو بڑا صدمہ پہنچا، ان کی یادیں برابر آتی رہیں گی۔جناب محمد طفیل اڈیٹر نقوش لاہور اپنے کسی کام سے اسلام آباد آئے، رات کو خوش خوش سوئے تو اپنی میٹھی نیند ہی میں ۵؍ جولائی ۱۹۸۶؁ء کو اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے، اور اپنے بے شمار قدردانوں کو سوگوار چھوڑ گئے، انھوں نے نقوش کو اپنی ادارت میں ایک علمی فیکٹری بنا رکھا تھا، جس طرح کسی فیکٹری سے مشینیں ڈھل کر نکلتی ہیں، اسی طرح نقوش سے طرح طرح کے علمی و ادبی نمبر نکلتے رہے، غزل نمبر، افسانہ نمبر، مکاتیب نمبر، خطوط نمبر، شخصیات نمبر، طنز و مزاح نمبر، منٹو نمبر، بہ طرس نمبر، لاہور نمبر، آپ بیتی نمبر، ادب آلعالیہ نمبر، ادبی معرکہ نمبر، غالب نمبر، میرتقی میر نمبر، شوکت تھانوی نمبر، میر انیس نمبر اور اقبال نمبر کے علاوہ آخر میں تیرہ جلدوں میں رسول نمبر نکالا، اور قرآن نمبر نکالنے کی فکر میں تھے کہ خود وہاں پہنچ گئے جہاں سے یہ مقدس صحیفہ نازل ہوا تھا۔
یہ سارے نمبر علمی، ادبی اور تاریخی، انسائیکلوپیڈیا بن گئے ہیں، اس لحاظ سے وہ خوش نصیب تھے کہ ان کا خاتمہ بالخیر رسول نمبر پر ہوا، اس کی تیرہ (۱۳) جلدیں دینی فیوض اور ملی برکات کا سرچشمہ بنی رہیں گی، یہ بیسویں صدی میں اردو زبان کا ایسا شاندار کارنامہ ہے جو مدت مدید تک یاد رکھا جائے گا، وہ اپنی دنیاوی زندگی میں لوگوں کو علمی کوثر، ادبی تسنیم اور دینی سلسبیل کے جام پر جام پلاتے رہے، دعا ہے کہ اب جہاں وہ پہنچ گئے ہیں وہاں برکت اخروی کی کوثر، مغفرت الٰہی کی تسنیم اور رحمت ایزدی کے سلسبیل سے سیراب ہوتے رہیں، آمین، وہ اپنے پیچھے یہ درس چھوڑ گئے ہیں...

Birth Ordinal and Trust on Close Interpersonal Relationship: A Comparative Study of First and Last Born Individuals

The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in the level of trust in close interpersonal relationships among first born and last-born individuals. The sample of the present study was comprised of 120 participants (first born=60; last born=60). Data was collected through purposive random sampling. The age range of the participants in the present study was 20-45 years and both genders were given equal representation. Trust level of the participants was measured through Trust in close interpersonal relationship scale. Personal Information Questionnaire was also used to gather the information about the characteristics of participants such as age, birth ordinal, gender, education etc. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the trust level of first born and last born. Findings revealed significant differences in the trust level of first born and last-born participants. Last born participants have more trust in interpersonal relationship. Gender differences were also found in the trust level. Females have more trust than males. The implications of the study have discussed in terms of child-rearing practices.

Production Potential of Spring Maize Zea Mays L. under Various Agro- Management Practices

Two experiments to see the effects of levels of NPK fertilizers, plant density and sowing methods on the growth and yield of hybrid maize were carried out at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during spring 2006 and 2007. In experiment-1, three fertilizer levels 200-100-100, 250-125-125 and 300-150-150 NPK kg ha-1 and three planting densities 45 x 20 cm, 60 x 20 cm and 75 x 20 cm were used. Maximum grain yield (8.56 t ha-1 and 9.12 t ha-1 in 2006 and 2007, respectively) was recorded in T6 treatment, when fertilizer was applied at the rate of 250- 125-125 NPK kg ha-1 and the crop was sown at spacing of 75 x 20 cm. Significantly higher values of physiological traits viz. harvest index, LAI and CGR in 2006 and 2007, respectively were observed with the same application of fertilizer and plant density as mentioned in grain yield. While, more values of NAR were recorded in T9 treatment when NPK level was 300-150-150 kg ha-1 and crop was sown at 75 x 20 cm in both years. Higher seed oil content (%) was recorded in F1 treatment (200-100-100 NPK kg ha-1, while maximum seed protein content (%) and seed starch content (%) were observed in F3 (300-150-150 NPK kg ha-1) and were not affected significantly by plant density in both the years. In experiment-2, four levels of NPK (0-0-0, 200-100-100, 250-125-125 and 300-150-150 NPK kg ha-1) and three sowing methods (flat sowing 75 cm apart rows, ridge sowing 75 cm apart ridges and bed sowing 120/30 cm apart beds) were compared. Higher grain yield (10.02 t ha-1 and 10.54 t ha-1 in both years) was recorded in T8 treatment where fertilizer level was 250-125-125 NPK kg ha-1 and maize was planted on 75 cm apart ridges. All grain yield contributing components were higher at this level of NPK and sowing method. All the physiological traits were significantly affected by different rates of NPK. Sowing methods, however, did not affect the HI (%) and CGR (g m-2 day-1), while significantly affected the LAI and NAR (g m-2 day-1). Higher values of HI were observed at 250-125-125 NPK kg ha-1, those of LAI, CGR and NAR were obtained at 300-150-150 NPK kg ha-1, respectively during 2006 and 2007. Higher seed oil content (%) was recorded in F1 treatment (200-100-100 NPK kg ha-1, while maximum seed protein content (%) and seed starch content (%) were observed in F3 (300-150-150 NPK kg ha-1) and were not affected significantly by sowing methods in both the years.