حلالہ اور مروجہ حلالہ سنٹرز: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Almighty Allah made marriage a source of affection and love among the human beings. He also ordered to uphold this relation as much as possible. If, on one way or the other the relationship of a couple becomes so unpleasant that their family life becomes impossible to move any more further. In this case the Islamic “Sharia’h” recommends opening of the ways for their respectable separation in the shapes of “Divorce” and “Khula’a” (divorce obtained on wife’s initiative, s). Though Islamic sharia’h has declared “Divorce” as legal act, yet marriage being a great sacred relation which is desired to be retained intact to the maximum, it has been named as the most unpleasant among the permissible acts in Islam. Some human beings very abruptly break the same relation (Nikah) without proper consideration. Some of these persons later on repent on what they have done. Allah Almighty  therefore, very affectionately has allowed men after uttering two times the words, ‘Divorcee (Talaq) at different times to reconcile with their wives. But if he disrespecting this great relation stress-passes the final time and utters the word “Divorce” (Talaq) for the third time in his life so the religion has fixed certain punishment for his this very irresponsible act as a punishment that though, both spouses may agree to continue their married life, Islam does not allow them to do so, prior to undergoing the process of re-marrying  the woman with another person to fulfill the condition of her reunion with her first husband. This process is called “Halala”  In the article under reference side by side with presenting the literal meaning and idiomatic definitions of Halala, its Shari status has also been elaborated. Efforts  have been intensified to recollect the different views of all jurists  regarding this practice and examine the same analytically. In addition to that with the help of irrefutable proofs, the adverse effects of the so called “Halala, s centers” have been proved to warn the people to stay away from them.

Modeling and Simulations of Meta-Material Based Microwave Devices

Dual layer periodically patterned metamaterial inspired antennas on a low cost FR4 substrate are designed and simulated. Some of the designed antennas are also fabricated and tested. Eigen mode dispersion simulations are performed indicating the left handed metamaterial characteristics and are tunable with substrate permittivity. We present the design and simulations of dispersion engineered single unit cell resonant metamaterial (MTM) antenna with proximity feed. The antenna is also investigated with top metascreens made of the same MTM unit cell. The use of metascreens give enhanced antenna performance. A multiband operation with wideband characteristics can be enabled by using proximity type of input feeding. We further simulate, fabricate and test MTM antennas by extending the unit cells along the non-resonant length of the antenna and use a direct type of input feed instead of proximity feed. Again metascreen is applied below the proposed MTM antenna and next used as superstrate above a simple patch to study the effects on bandwidth, gain, efficiency and radiation patterns. The experimental results of these antennas are very good and closely match with the simulations. The radiation patterns are also very good and could be useful in the UWB wireless applications.Next, we present modeling and simulations of an absolute magnifying device in a geometrical sense at microwave frequencies. The device is designed and simulated based on a graded positive refractive index, non-resonant, weakly dispersive region of the I-shaped metamaterial structure at 10 GHz. The structure is simple and easy to fabricate. Its geometrical parameters are varied along with different dielectric powders as a background material, which provide a wide spectrum of graded refractive indices needed for proper device functionality. The complete 30 layer device is first simulated based on I-shape refractive index and then it is simulated with I-shape structure itself inserted into a significant portion of the device. The results show the bending and magnification process reasonably. It demonstrates an Eaton lens like functionality with twice magnification factor.