This thesis explains Pakistan‘s post 9/11 foreign policy trends during the President Musharraf administration. Drawing upon analytical review of a diverse range of available literature on the subject, the thesis interprets various factors‘ contribution to Pakistani policy objectives and actions adopted during 2001-2008. It addresses a gap in the relevant literature and moves beyond the available different causal explanations often contested by different intellectual complications and political rhetoric.By drawing upon the concept of the security dilemma in the post 9/11 international politics as a lens to understand the nature of Pakistan‘s regional and domestic specific security and strategic compulsions, this research investigates and explains the dynamics which drove Gen. Musharraf‘s pursuit of specific policy action in spite of being nuclear power, its U-Turn on support for the Taliban. In doing this, it highlights the extent to which changed post 9/11 Pakistan''s foreign policy reinforced the immediate catalysts for Pakistan''s global and regional relations in the aftermath of the incident of 9/11. The primary argument of the thesis is that Musharraf''s post 9/11 foreign policy trends contributed to the hardening of Pakistan''s strategic, economic, socio-ethno-political perspectives, creating more complexities for Pakistan to pursue its regional and national policy interests; which were mainly at variance with the US global objectives in the post 9/11 scenario. Secondly, it argues that Pakistan-US relations during this period were driven by a ‗Security Dilemma (Complex)'' mindset, causing a shift between US global and Pakistan''s regional and domestic policy trends and objectives entailing different transformations. Post Musharraf civilian leadership is still struggling to imbibe post 9/11 Pakistan''s foreign policy divergent trends to protect Pakistan''s policy objectives.
بیماری سے بچاؤ کے لیے ریاست اور عوام کا کردار بیماری ، عارضہ، مرض اور روگ یہ ہم معنی الفاظ ہیں۔ مرض اور بیماری صحت اور تندرستی کا متضاد ہے، انسانی اعضاء جب تک اپنے افعال کماحقہٗ سر انجام دیتے رہتے ہیں صحت و تندرستی برقرار رہتی ہے۔ اگر ان کے افعال کی بجا آوری میں رخنہ پیدا ہو جائے تو یہ مرض اور بیماری ہے۔ اس کا سبب خواہ خارجی عوامل ہوں یا اندرونی طور پر کوئی غیر مرئی طاقت برسر پیکار ہو! تندرستی اور صحت قدرت کی طرف سے ایک عظیم عطیہ ہے۔ اس نعمت خداوندی کے زیور سے مرصعّ انسان دیگر انعامات الٰہیہ سے بھر پور فائدہ اٹھایا جا سکتا ہے۔ لیکن اگر کسی کے آنگن میں گلشنِ صحت کے گلہائے رنگارنگ نہیں کھلے۔ بیماری اور مرض کے مہیب ومنحوس سایوں نے اسے اپنی لپیٹ میں لے رکھا ہے۔ بستر مرگ پر پڑا ہوا وہ نحیف شخص اپنی نقاہت بھری نظروں سے گلستان صحت و تندرستی میں محو پرواز طائران خوش الحان کو حسرت بھری نگاہ سے دیکھ تورہا ہے لیکن وہ کائنات کی رنگینیوں اور رعنائیوں سے بھی حظّ نہیں اُٹھاسکتا۔ تنگدستی اگر نہ ہو سالکؔ
The global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988 as a result of the declaration of commitment by the World Health Assembly. In Pakistan, National Emergency Action Plan [NEAP] coined the strategies under government directives to play a pivotal role in line with international requirements to make poliomyelitis extinct. At the program’s initiation, there were around 350,000 cases of polio reported annually. The incidence has fallen by 99% due to the immunization of more than 2.5 billion children worldwide. Poliovirus has three serotypes; two have already been eradicated (the last case of poliovirus type 2 was reported in 1999 and of poliovirus type 3 in 2012). Poliovirus transmission has ceased with the exception of Pakistan and Afghanistan. In April 2022, two cases of acute flaccid paralysis due to poliovirus type 1 have been reported in KPK province. In this communication, insight is provided regarding the issues that have contributed to this wild poliovirus resurgence after a 15-month gap and the way forward.
The present study is an effort to put in plain words a concise chronological analysis of the shocking impact of floods caused by massive flooding striking the land mass of Pakistan with regular intervals. The majority of the major inundations in the history of Pakistan resulted in serious socio-economic damages and destructions to the most valuable and precious assets of the country. The study also scans the scope of previous efforts put by other scholars correlated with the impact of floods in Pakistan. The outcomes of merciless floods all over the country were assessed quantitatively of last 37 years (1973-2010). Pakistan has faced 17 floods of various magnitudes- 1973,1975,1976,1977,1978,1982, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 and2010, among which around 50 percent were considered as major floods. This is first time in the history of Pakistan that socio-economic impact of floods have been comprehensively determined and analyzed from most of the available authentic resources. Recommendations have been made to ensure adequate and detailed availability of flooding events and to prevent huge damages in the future.