Delaying and Ignoring Trends in Marriages: A Critical Study in Hadith Context

Marriage is a preamble of human life. The human society builds its façade on the characteristics of this unit. Humanity has been granted with divine rules for a successful life. The latest version of divine rules are conveyed through Islam and presented by the Holy Prophet Muhammad of benefits everlasting and grand the declared Islam of history Early. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) these rules in all nooks and corners of life; as Qur’ān and Ḥadīth prominences the trend of in-time marriages to ensure the tangible merits of life. Qur’ān declares marriage as ‘God given relationship’, ‘order from God’, ‘A lawful manner’, ‘Firm covenant’, ‘Love and compassion’, ‘Chastity of life’, ‘Right of women and Sign of safety’ and along with it, as marriage emphasizes (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet the of traditions the depicting it a ‘Half of religion’, ‘Protection of eyes’, ‘Prevention of character from corruption’, ‘source of Devil’s desperation’ etc. Owing to this stress of in-time marriages, a Muslim society is not supposed to delay or ignore in time marriages. But in present era, the trend of delaying in making marriages or ignoring the importance of in-time marriages is observing everywhere. This delay in making in-time marriages of young generation shows the weaknesses of faith and confidence in life. It is also the cause of many physical diseases and mental disorders. It destroys the best capabilities and abilities of young force. This paper highlights the importance of timely marriages, strength of married-couple life and damages of late marriage so that the requisite of Islam to form the society on the desired shape may be fulfilled. Lastly, this article emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages it also emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages and a herald to initiate some sorts of laws for making in-time marriages in society so that prevailing damages due to late marriages can be curtailed.

Evaluation of Breast Cancer Biomarkers Using Genexpert® on Core Biopsy-A Retrospective Laboratory Based Validation Study.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. It is a significant cause of cancer related morbidity and mortality among Kenyan women. Evaluation of Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR), and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer tissue is standard of care as these biomarkers have been shown to have both prognostic and predictive utility. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the gold standard for evaluation of ER/PR/HER2, but its availability in Kenya is limited due to the high operational cost. There have been recent developments in alternative cheaper and readily accessible molecular based testing platforms for ER/PR/HER2. The GeneXpert®’s Breast Cancer Stratifier (BCS), is a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) simple cartridge based assay developed by Cepheid Inc that quantifies mRNA expression of ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67,(a marker of proliferation). The study aimed to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV) and accuracy of the BCS assay for ER/PR/HER2 in breast cancer tissue core biopsies compared to IHC. The association of Ki-67 expression as tested by the BCS assay and IHC with tumor grade and mitotic counts was also evaluated. Methods: Core biopsy slides and Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of pathologically confirmed breast cancer diagnosed between April 2016 and January 2018, were retrieved from the archives at Aga Khan University’s Department of Pathology. Haematoylin and Eosin (H&E) and IHC slides for ER/PR/HER2 were reviewed and the appropriate block selected for nucleic acid extraction. Tissue scrolls were cut at 10um and a single step nucleic acid extraction performed according to the BCS assay protocol. The BCS cartridges were loaded with the extracted RNA and run on the GeneXpert® instrument. Data Management and Analysis: Data from both the BCS assay and IHC was entered on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for each marker and transferred to SPSS version 20 (IBM corporation). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV with 95% CI was analyzed from a 2X2 table. Kappa statistics and percentage agreement between the two tests was calculated. Diagnostic odd’s ratio was calculated as a measure of association of Ki-67 to the Nottingham tumor grade and mitotic counts. Results: A total of 162 breast cancer core biopsies were analysed. The predominant histologic type and grade was grade 2 Ductal carcinoma. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy for each marker on the BCS was as follows: 86.96%, 94.74%, 98.04%, 70.59% and 88.89%