This study investigated the impact of perceived parental acceptance-rejection on psychological maladjustment among a group of criminals and non-criminals. The independent variables were parental acceptance-rejection, parental control, socioeconomic status, educational background, psychological maladjustment, aggression and low self-esteem. A comparison of personality profiles of prisoners was also measured. The sample comprised of two groups: criminals (N=81) who were selected from the Central Jail, Peshawar and a control group of non-criminals (N=90) consisting of individuals selected from the general population matched with the criminals in terms of socioeconomic status and educational background. A personal data-sheet devised by the researcher was used to record the demographic variables of the respondents. Urdu versions of Adult PARQ: Mother and Father (Short Forms: Riaz, 2011), and Adult PCS: Mother and Father (Short Forms: Riaz, 2011) were administered on participants of both the groups for assessment of their perceived parental acceptance-rejection and perceived parental control, respectively. To make a comparison between personality profiles of criminals and non-criminals, Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Adult PAQ: Riaz, 2011) was administered on all the respondents. It was assumed that criminals will perceive their parents as less warm and affectionate as compared to non-criminals. According to the results, criminals scored high on all the subscales of PARQ, indicating perceived parental rejection as compared to non-criminals, thus supporting our first hypothesis. Furthermore, it was also assumed that there will be significant gender differences in perceived parental warmth among the criminal group. Our findings revealed significant gender difference in perceived maternal warmth/affection, whereas, gender difference in perceived paternal warmth/affection among criminals was not significant. These findings partially supported our second hypothesis. A comparison between PCS scores of both the groups shows that criminals received more permissiveness and less control from their parents as compared to non-criminals. Moreover, our third and fourth hypotheses are supported by PAQ scores which reveal high scores of criminals on hostility and negative self-esteem subscales of PAQ. A comparison of personality profiles of criminals and non-criminals derived from PAQ scores supports hypothesis 5 as it reveals significant difference between the two groups. To elaborate, PAQ scores prove that criminals tend to be significantly high on hostility/aggression, negative self-esteem, negative self-adequacy, emotional instability, emotional unresponsiveness, and negative worldview. Lastly, as total score on PAQ is used as a measure of psychological maladjustment of the respondents (Rohner, 2008), therefore, a comparison of criminals and noncriminals in our study reveals that total PAQ score of the former group is significantly higher than the latter group. These findings clearly demonstrate that the prisoners were significantly high on psychological maladjustment. Thus, our findings lend support to our sixth hypothesis.
Security is most important need of every state and community. Surveillance and keeping eye on the enemy are the core responsibilities of every state. All the absolute qualities of a leader can be found in The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Therefore, the first nucleus of security education was in Makkah and expanded with the expansion of the Da’wah till the declaration of Madina as a Islamic state. There are various studies on the subject of surveillance, but they did not cover all aspects of Sīrah in Makkī era regarding the various steps and methods of surveillance. This article investigates how the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) maintained the security measures during Makkī era to ensure the security of all his companions and followers. In the First section of this article definition and history of intelligence was discussed, followed by the various techniques of surveillance used in different occasions by the Prophet (P.B.U.H). The last section of the article focused on the techniques used in Makkī era. The article further elaborates the practical steps taken by Prophet (P.B.U.H) to secure his companions and their families from the opponents to the extent possible, like migration to Habash and finally to Madina which concluded in establishment of a free state for Muslims.
The role of fiscal policy in affecting economic activity has been on the theoretical and applied research agenda for both academicians and policy makers since the evolution of macroeconomics. This thesis attempts to identify the fiscal policy effectiveness with respect to different budgetary components towards aggregate economic activity and its components using the data from 1960-2010. We employ the structural VAR estimation method to identify the impact of fiscal policy instruments on the aggregate and disaggregated economy for Pakistan. Government expenditures as a policy instrument appear to be more effective as compared to taxes. Three possible reasons for such an outcome appears; low tax base, less elastic taxes and ratchet up effect on government expenditures. Private investment is supplemented with government expenditures; hence increase in development is inevitable for increasing the pace of economic growth. Finally aggregate indicators of policy intervention variables; here the Fiscal policy, such as budget deficit and the outcome variable, here the economic activity (such as the GDP) may give a picture which is different from what is happening at the disaggregate level for both the intervention and outcome variables. Hence fiscal policy conduct may incorporate the disaggregated level of instrumentation and outcome variables should also be seen in component wise effects.