Realist scholars pay attention to the concept of power and balance of power since centuries. Despite having economic and military power, states acquire nuclear weapons, which leads to nuclear deterrence. In South Asia, where it is fluctuating and disturbed four times but since 1999, it is stable due to nuclear factor. Besides other factors, major contributing factor for disturbed balance of power is the Kashmir issue. Due to the persistency of conflict, the region experienced wars, which disturbed patterns of balance of power. Afghanistan factor and major powers presence will ultimately affect regional peace and stability. But prospects of future warfare at any time are not out of question. It will depend on the success and failure of deterrence and the role of extra regional powers. Despite economic and strategic interdependence, Pakistan and India have security dilemma of each other which has been a motivating factor for their nuclear programs. Besides this, Pakistan-China close military and nuclear cooperation and US-India military cooperation especially after Indo-US nuclear deal of 2006, failure of CBMs both bilateral and multilateral, and Indian ambitions to become major regional power and to seek UNSC and NSG membership are other disturbing factors for stable deterrence. Kashmir is such conflict which started on the basis of denial of human needs like security, identity, recognition and personal development. Kashmir issue an enduring rivalry between two states has become more complicated due to the involvement of non state actors means it is international issue especially after involvement of extra regional powers. Pakistan-China military collaboration, US tilt towards India, nuclear factor and water issue are major hindrances in resolving it. Afghanistan has provided space for outside interventions due to its geostrategic location and ethnic divide. 9/11 incident brought it in the policy framework of US. Taliban factor and rise of Islamic fundamentalism are major factors for US greater engagement in Afghanistan. But Pakistan-Afghanistan’s diverging relations are equally disturbing element for regional stability. India is more involved in improving its image through diplomacy and infrastructure development in Afghanistan. China is also interested in stabilized Afghanistan because of uprisings in Xinjiang province. NATO and UN are to some extent successful in peace keeping in Afghanistan but EU role is less effective. Concept of security has transformed after the rise of non state actors. In realist perspective, security of South Asian major states-Pakistan and India is based on their threat perception of each other. Having experienced of offensive realism four times, now these states are experiencing defensive realism since 1999. Balance of power depends on their offensive and defensive nature of warfare. Although, balance of power concept is not applied to non state actors due to non state entity. Regional balance of power can be analyzed in terms of Regional Security Complex Theory. Geographical proximity of states effects state security more than states in other regions. Therefore, Pakistan is more affected by Indian security policies and vice versa rather than security policies of states outside the region. Afghanistan is important in this complex as a buffer state. Regional Complex can be disturbed due to internal transformation and external transformation. Internally, patterns of amity and enmity are important. In Pakistan-India case, despite their enmity due to their strategic interdependency, they are bound in this system. Externally, extra regional powers influenced this complex. At regional pattern of enmity due to Pakistan-India rivalry is major challenge. At global level, Afghanistan factor, rise of Islamic fundamentalism, rise of India, US- China economic rivalry are some of the challenges. Three types of terrorist organizations are posing challenge to South Asia. These are interest based, state sponsored and area claimed like Al Qaeda, ISIS and ISIL. Nuclear terrorism has become major concern due to rise of terrorist organizations and fear of possession of nuclear weapons by them from any source. South Asian hostile relationship model provides favourable environment for nuclear terrorism. There are prospects of nuclear terrorism in South Asia due to Pakistan-India rivalry, shifting nuclear postures of both states, role of US and its fluctuating relations with Pakistan and ultimate tilt towards India, China’s role in South Asia, Pakistan-India-China and US threat perception of each other. In South Asia, China’s support to Pakistan in military and nuclear fields and its rivalry with India on Indian Ocean, tilted US policy towards India in same context. The persistent involvement of major powers like Britain, Russia, US or China due to Kashmir issue and Afghanistan factor have disturbed balance of power. Phenomenon of stable nuclear deterrence is challenged by rise of terrorist organizations and is affecting regional peace and security. Moreover, alliance patterns of US-India and China and Pakistan are more disturbing. In such situation, human security is ignored and even it is not prime agenda of states. South Asian peace and security depends on US effective role to bring Pakistan and India to nuclear policies. Kashmir can only be resolved, if proper mechanism will be provided and with inclusion of Kashmiri’s voice. Border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan which was not paid much attention should be given priority. Due to nontraditional threats (terrorist organization) peace and stability of the region is threatening. In this regard having realized the sensitivity of the issue, Pakistan and India should adopt a common agenda.
آئنہ ذات فضا ؔ موسیٰ شعر گری تو ایک فن ہے ۔ میں کہاں اور یہ فنِ بسیط کہاں؟ لفظوں سے خوشبو تلاشنے کا ہنر وہی جانتے ہیں جو نقش سے تعبیر ذات کا سفر کر سکیں۔ اظہارِ ذات کی منزل اور ایک لڑکی جس کے جسم و جان تو کیا سوچ پہ بھی پہرے ہیں، گمان سے خیال تک پور پور پہ زنجیریں ۔ایسی صورت ہے کہ خواب بھی نیند کی چوکھٹ پہ آکے خوف زدہ کہ کہیں کوئی جان نہ لے۔ وقت کا سورج ہو یا سمے کا چاند یا کوئی آوارہ کرن،اس اندھیر میں آنے کا ہنر نہ جان سکا۔ اس لمحہ ملال میں کوئی خیال کبھی ترنگ میں آکے روح کی کشتی پہ سوار جیون دھارا کے بہتے پانی میں ہلچل مچا دے تو ناچار بے چارگی کا قالب لیے کوئی مصرع دھیمے سروں میں زندگی کی تان پہ جذبات کے سروں کا گیت چھیڑے دیوانگی کا روپ دھار لیتا ہے۔ میں اس کے سروں میں بہتے بہتے جانے کتنے عکس بنتی ہوں ،کتنے خواب دیکھتی ہوں، کتنے لمحوں کو اس رومان انگیز جسم کی خوشبو میں محسوس کرتی ہوں یہ بتانا مشکل ہے مگر ہر لمحہ، ہر خیال، ہر خواب جب اظہار طلب دیکھوں تو کچھ الٹا سیدھا لکھتی ہوں، جن کی ترتیب شدہ صورت آپ کے سامنے ہے۔ یہ آئنہ ذات یہ لفظ، یہ خواب ، یہ خیال اور ان کے پس منظر میں کھڑا ہنستا مسکراتا چہرہ جو مصرعوں، شعروں ، غزلوں کو سانسوں کی حرارت سے تاثیر دے رہا ہے۔ ایک شاعرہ کے لیے نوید ِ زندگی ہے۔
The goal of this investigation is to discover how Kamila Shamsie's book "Home Fire" has been misinterpreted and used about the masculinity crisis for identity and existence. This study explains how the artificial masculinity imposed by society and culture on the male characters in the novel is forced onto them, only for self-satisfaction. The purpose of the study is to highlight the fact that different cultures, particularly the dominant diasporic culture, have distinct beliefs about masculinity and femininity in terms of identity and outright denial. The author supports this by pointing out how these masculinities also repress women. Erikson's work on identity, which is being examined under psychological views and the restraint of other creatures, has an impact on this study. By integrating self-categorization with presumptions about the nature of intergroup relationships, social categorization depersonalizes perception, cognition, effect, and behavior in terms of relevant in-group or outgroup prototypes and explains particular instances of group behavior. This project is done under qualitative data of research, however, in the conclusion; it is assessed how the Pakistani community is expressing its anxiety about masculinities
In this dissertation we proved several results in quasi-pseudo metric spaces, fuzzy metric spaces, dislocated b-metric spaces and dislocated fuzzy metric spaces. These results are concerned with subspace instead of the whole space because in most of the situations the mappings are not contractive over the whole space. To overcome this problem we obtained necessary and sufficient conditions. Our results generalized the various results for L-fuzzy mappings and fuzzy mappings in left (right) K-sequentially complete quasi-pseudo metric spaces and complete dislocated b-metric spaces respectively. We also generalized the result of Banach for a family of multivalued mappings in fuzzy metric spaces and multivalued mappings in dislocated fuzzy metric spaces. Most of the fixed point results in this dissertation are proved for fuzzy mappings which is the generalization of multivalued mappings in fuzzy sets. Our analysis based upon the fact that the fuzzy fixed point results can be obtained from the fixed point theorem of multivalued mappings. These results are the generalization of various results in the existing literature. Several examples are also given in this dissertation to support our results.