The basic drive behind this research, is the everyday problems of lawlessness faced by people of Pakistan on roads, in markets and offices and virtually all around them. The behavior of people towards discipline and compliance is distressingly indifferent. The indifference is shared equally by the so-called literates and illiterates. In more civilized societies, law-literacy is interwoven into literacy that makes people aware of the rules of conduct and requires them to own and internalize these rules. Compliance becomes the spontaneous response of these people and a strong culture of lawfulness results. The research, initially, aims at qualitatively determining the reasons why literacy is producing different results in Pakistan as compared with England and Norway. It is observed that in Pakistan, academic literacy is assumed to be meant for careers and not for social and cultural training. The result is that social side of learning remains cosmetic and lacks internalization according to the spirit of norms and law. A weak culture of lawfulness is the outcome. The research further postulates that a weak culture of lawfulness occupies a lower position on the scale of rule of law. On the other hand, global data shows that countries better on the scale of rule of law are better in terms of peace in society. It points out a causal relationship between law literacy, culture of lawfulness, rule of law and peace. To find out relationship between all four factors the research invites quantitative analysis that determines a significant causal relationship among law literacy, culture of lawfulness, rule of law and peace. Presumably, a wellplanned community law literacy program by utilizing all three channels of literacy i.e. formal, non-formal and informal could positively steer culture of lawfulness, rule of law, and peace. By utilizing the findings of this rigorous research comprising qualitative and quantitative analyses, an executable community law literacy model is proposed for Pakistan to enable people to internalize culture of lawfulness wherefrom rule of law and peace would causally sprout. Application of social marketing theory is recommended for short term results and for long term change of mindset, DewyFreirean fused method of teaching is suggested to be utilized to fully implement the proposed model.
اقبال کی حب الوطنی کے چرچے ہندوستان میں ہر زبان پر ہیں۔ ہندوستانی فکر و نظر اور ہندوستانی تہذیب و تمدن کے فکرو فلسفہ کی ترویج کی جاتی ہے۔ اقبال کے استعاروں اور علامتوں کو ہندی اساطیرکی تشبیہ کہہ کر پیش کیا جاتاہے۔ اس حوالہ سے ہم یہ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ اقبال ایک رجحان ساز شخصیت تھے۔عصر حاضر میں فکر اقبال کے مختلف پہلوؤں اور زاویوں کا کھوج لگا کر بھارت میں اقبال شناسی کی روایت کو پروان چڑھایا جارہا ہے۔ ہندوستان میں اقبال شناسی کی روایت کے تحت اقبال کے سوانحی پہلوؤں کے مختلف گوشوں پر روشنی ڈالی گئی ہے اوربہ طور خا ص اقبال کی وطن دوستی کو موضوع بنایا ہے۔جب کہ بہ طور شاعر اختلافی اور مخالفانہ تنقید کی گئی۔ اشتراکیت پسندی کا پہلو اجاگر کیا گیا۔ اس طرح اقبال شناسی پروان چڑھی۔ اقبالیات کا موضوع و سعت اختیار کر گیا۔ تعلیمی اداروں میں باقاعدہ مضمون کی شکل میں اقبالیات پڑھا یا جانے لگا۔ پاکستان اور ہندوستان میں دیکھتے ہی دیکھتے اس موضوع میں تحقیق،تدوین اور ترتیب کی اصطلاحات کا معیار بھی جانچا جانے لگا۔ ان حالات میں اقبالیات اور اقبال شناسی کے مثبت اور منفی رویے بھی سامنے آگئے۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد کچھ لوگوں نے اقبال کو صرف شاعری تک محدود کر دیا اور کچھ نے صرف پاکستان کا شاعر کہہ دیا۔ بھارت میں جب اسلامی ریاست کے لیے کوشش کی گئی تو اس دور میں اسلامی مملکت کے لیے سیاسی جدوجہد بھی کی گئی۔ مسلمانوں کے لیے یہ تحریک آزادی تھی مگر ہندوستان کے لوگ اس تحریک کو قومیت کے تناظر میں دیکھتے تھے۔ اس طرح بھارتی قوم پرستوں کی جانب سے اقبال کو شدید مخالفت کا سامنا کرنا پڑا۔ اس مخالفت میں مسلمان بھی شامل تھے۔ بھارتی قومیت پرست اپنے خیال میں اقبال کو متعصب سیاست دان سمجھتے تھے...
Authority is the centerpiece of the law as well as legal system. It cannot be properly understood without adequate understanding of the structure of authority that underlies it. The role of moral and religious values in the law has been a vital issue in classical as well as contemporary legal philosophy. Discussion about the theoretical foundation of the law remains a key issue in the modern legal thinking as a legal system is considered to have emerged from cultural contexts. Western legal systems are broadly grounded in to the Judo-Christian and Greco-Roman cultures. Though a fundamental change took place in the Western Europe as cultural traditions which affected the very nature of law both as a political institution and as an intellectual concept. The creation of modern legal systems was, in the first instance, a response to revolutionary change within the church and its relation with the secular authority. It led to bifurcation of social morality and religion in the modern law. Now most of the modern theories are based on this concept. The present paper presents a study of the origins of the Islamic law as well as the contemporary western legal thought in connection with religion and ethics. The conflict about moral and religious values reflects their code of life and concept of religions. In Islamic law authority-which is at once religious and moral is the will of the creator which is basic source of Islamic law, However, Fuqahᾱ differentiate between legal and moral values
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is becoming an emerging problem for developing countries where there is increase in expected age. There is no specific therapeutic treatment for these patients. Evidence suggests that the combination of both exercise and physical activity has a greater effect on MCI patients, than exercise or physical activity alone. The objective of this study was to determine the short and long-term effects of aerobic exercise and Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games on slowness, complexity, coherence in electroencephalography (EEG) signals, somatosensory evoke potentials (SEPs) and cognitive tests in MCI patients. A parallel group design study was conducted in the Pakistan Railways General Hospital, Rawalpindi. Patients were selected and randomly divided into Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games group (n=22), aerobic exercise group (n=21), single session aerobic exercise group (n=14) and their respective control groups (n=22, n=22, n=14 respectively). The outcome measures were slowness, complexity coherence of EEG, SEPs and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA) and trail making test (TMT) A and B. EEG was recorded using the EMOTIV EPOC with 14 channels and Refa 72-channel stationary system. Patients were assessed before and after one session of intervention for short-term effects and after six weeks for long-term effects. After one session of aerobic exercise there were significant improvements in slowness (delta waves; 0.678+0.035 vs 0.791+0.033; p=0.015) and complexity (0.601+0.051 vs 0.470+0.042; p=0.027) of the EEG in aerobic exercise treated group as compared to no-aerobic exercise group. After six weeks there were significant xxii improvements in slowness (delta waves; 0.581+0.036 vs 0.815+0.025; p=0.005) and complexity (0.751+0.045 vs 0.533+0.046; p=0.001) of the EEG in the aerobic group as compared to no-aerobic group. Moreover, significant improvements were observed in the MMSE (p=0.032), MoCA (p=0.036), TMT-A (p=0.005) and TMT-B (p=0.007) in aerobic exercise group as compared to no-aerobic group. After one session of Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games intervention, delta (0.704+0.025; p=0.013), theta (0.128+0.009; p=.0.00127) waves and complexity of EEG (0.642+0.042; p=0.008) significantly improved, in eyes closed state. Whereas after six weeks intervention of games, delta (0.673+0.029; p=0.013), theta (0.129+0.013; p=0.002), beta2 waves (0.044+0.009; p=0.046), complexity of EEG (0.051+0.042; p=0.016), MMSE (26.25+0.347vs 23.722+0.731; p=0.003), MoCA (25.65+0.310vs 22.00+0.504; p=0.0001), TMT-A (1.429+0.234vs 2.225+0.259; p=0.028) and TMT-B (2.393+0.201vs 3.780+0.195; p=0.0001) improved significantly. These changes were not observed in the control group. Upon comparison of aerobic exercise and Xbox 360 Kinetic cognition games, it was found that aerobic exercise has more short and long-term therapeutic effects on MCI patients as compared to Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games group. Single session of aerobic exercise significantly decreased the inter-hemisphere coherence, however, it improved intrahemisphere coherence. After single session of aerobic exercise, there was significant decrease in peak amplitude of SEPs in MCI patients, however, no effect on SEPs peak latencies was found. This study suggests that aerobic exercise and Xbox 360 Kinetic cognitive games have dual/2-fold beneficial effect on age associated MCI. First one, the progression of MCI is slowed down significantly. Second, there is evidence of xxiii improvement in the cognitive state of MCI patients. Such intervention for treatment purpose could be helpful to rehabilitate MCI patients in third world countries.