Home > Perception of Principals, Teachers & Students Regarding Capacity Building Initiatives for Special Children Education of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Perception of Principals, Teachers & Students Regarding Capacity Building Initiatives for Special Children Education of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
The study was designed to investigate the perceptions of principals, teachers, and students regarding capacity building initiatives for Special Children Education of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Those children who are facing some sort of slight impairment can easilyacquire education with normal children. But, the children who are having severe and moderate impairment, need to go to different school, which are especially designed for the special children. Such schools design their own methodology and have different syllabus and methods of instruction. The objectives of the study were to identify the perceptions of students, teachers, and principals regarding capacity building initiatives that are undertaken by different special education institutions for the Special Children Education and formulate workable suggestions for theimprovement ofSpecial Children Education. In order to obtain quantitative and qualitative data in the study, mixed methodology was used which employed a survey questionnaire thatcontained 44 items grouped into 04 broad categories, which were collected from special children and their teacher’s fromtenspecial children schools in Khyber Paktunkhwa. The data were collected from 302 students out of which both were male students and female students of equal number of 151. The total sample teachers were 217 which include 83 male teacher and 45 female teachers.However, the interviews were taken from 10 principals of special children schools. To analyze quantitative data, statistical procedures were run by using SPSS version 16.0. The perceptions of Teachers and students about various capacity building initiatives of students, teachers, and institutions as well as a different problem faced by special children was analyzed by using mean and standard deviation. Secondly, the data was collected through Likert scale which was further put to analyzed through t-test in which Mann Witney U test and Kruskal Wallis U test were applied. As far as qualitative data analysis is concerned, the results from the interview of principals were recorded, coding, theming and documented by making transcripts, along with taking notes by the researcher. The null hypothesis was rejected and it was found out that various services and facilities are provided free to special children in their schools, but most of the time they were neither sufficient nor up-to the mark. As reflected by th quantitative and qualitative data, the curriculum must be equipped with the national and international requirements because the present curriculum needs modification. The data reflected a broad consensus that a teacher may be a good researcher and must be able to tackle classroom problems. There is a need to link research with practice in order to facilitate learning and school life as a whole. It is recommended that all vacant posts of the teachers in the schools need to be fill up as in every special children school there is a shortage of teachers, establish teachers training institutes in the province, initiate awareness campaign on regular basis in order to develop awareness in people and remove the negative attitude towards special children.
مارک، ایڈورڈ ویسٹر ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک کا انتقال ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک نے جو ایک عرصہ تک لندن یونیورسٹی میں عمرانیات کا پروفیسر تھا، گزشتہ اکتوبر میں انتقال کیا، وہ ایک عمیق النظر فلسفی اور بین الاقوامی شہرت کا مالک تھا، اوائل زندگی میں اس کو خیال پیدا ہوا کہ اخلاقی خیالات اور مذہبی اعتقادات میں گہرا تعلق ہے، چنانچہ اس نقطہ نظر سے اس نے یورپ کے علاوہ دوسری قوموں کے روایات اور اعتقادات کا مطالعہ کرنا چاہا اور اس کے لئے مراکش کو منتخب کیا، اور وہاں جاکر چار سال تک مقیم رہا، یہاں اس نے نہ صرف انسانیاتی معلومات جمع کئے، بلکہ وہاں کے لوگوں طرز زندگی و غور و فکر سے بھی واقفیت حاصل کرکے ان کے رسم و رواج کو آسانی سے سمجھا جو تمدن کے مختلف دور میں پیدا ہوتے رہے، یہاں کی تحقیقات اس نے اپنی مشہور کتاب ’’اخلاقی تخیلات کی ابتدا اور نشوونما‘‘ (The origin and development of moral ideas) میں قلمبند کی جو دو جلدوں میں ۱۹۰۶ء اور ۱۹۰۸ء میں شائع ہوئی تھی، یہ کتاب بہت اہم اور بلند پایہ سمجھی جاتی ہے اور اخلاقیات پر ایک فلسفیانہ مقالہ یا اخلاقی خیالات کی تاریخ کہی جاسکتی ہے، اس کتاب کی خوبی یہ ہے کہ اس میں تحلیلی اور تاریخی تجزیوں میں امتزاج پیدا کرکے یہ دکھایا گیا ہے کہ اخلاقی پسندیدگی اور ناپسندیدگی کی ابتدا معاشرتی تکدر اور تشکر سے ہوتی ہے، ڈاکٹر ویسٹر مارک کی اور دوسری تصنیفات یہ ہیں، مراکش میں انسانی شادی، رسم اور اعتقاد کی تاریخ، (۲)اخلاقی اضافیت، (۳)عیسائی مذہب اور اخلاق۔ (’’ص ۔ ع‘‘، دسمبر ۱۹۳۹ء)
Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani was one of the prominent religious personalities who made efforts for islamization in Pakistan. So far as the major slogan in 1946 elections were to have a separate homeland of the Muslims where they may be able to live according to the Islamic values. It means Islam was the real power behind the struggle for Pakistan in 1947. After the making of Pakistan a religious scholar Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani presented his services for isalmization in Pakistan as in this respect he had a unique role for the enforcement of Islamic system in Pakistan. Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani wants to see the constitution of Pakistan to be the leading document towards religious state. In this respect Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani made critical efforts for designing the constitution of Pakistan which was finally approved by the Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan.
The Mansehra Granitic Complex (MGC) is mainly comprised of Mansehra Granite (MG), Hakale Granite (HG), microgranitic (MIG) and leucogranitic (LG) bodies along with pegmatites and aplites. Geochemical classification diagrams place these granites in the high calc-alkaline, quartz-rich, peraluminous granitoid field. The Mansehra Granite is a porphyritic and massive body that is locally foliated, whereas the Hakale Granite is sub-porphyritic to non-porphyritic pluton. The Susalgali Granite Gneiss is sheared Mansehra Granite. Harker’s variation diagrams show that MG and HG are derived from magmas of the common non- homogeneous source rock Tanawal Formation through fractional crystallization process in a closed system without considerable contamination. Field relationships, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the MGC reveal the peraluminous S-type nature of this Complex. The zircon saturation temperature of MG (749-852 oC), HG (709-779 oC), LG (749-754 oC) and MIG (692-696 oC) is comparable with crystallization temperatures of the peraluminous S-type Lesser Himalayan Indian granites (~670-817 oC). The geochemical characteristics of the MG revealed that the magma was probably generated through biotite dehydration melting of the metasediments of Tanawal Formation at pressure > 5 kbr and temperature > 700 oC, while HG melt was most likely originated at relatively shallower crustal level and lower temperature by muscovite fluid-absent melting of pelites. The occurrence of andalusite in the contact aureole of Mansehra Granite, association of perthitic microcline along negative Nb, Sr and Ti anomalies in spidergrams and higher Rb/Sr ratios in granitic rocks of the MGC may reveal the upper crustal signatures and low pressure shallow emplacement (< 15 km) of these bodies. The leucogranitic bodies associated with the MGC are most likely the products of Na 2 O-rich residual melt of the MG, whereas microgranites may have been derived from boron-rich residual magma of the HG by insurgent boiling and subsequent quenching. In the light of U-Pb zircon systematics of the MGC, a middle Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic age (ca. 1300-985 Ma) has been proposed for the granite protolith in Hazara area. Whereas, the inherited age components of ca. 985-920, vi880-800 and 690-500 Ma may be interpreted as the ages of post-depositional metamorphic fabric development in the source Tanawal Formation. U-Pb zircon dating of Lesser Himalayan granites also revealed inherited age components at ca. 980 ca. 800 Ma and ca. 700-500 Ma. The age segments of ca. 490 Ma, ca. 475 Ma and ca. 466 Ma (middle to upper Ordovician) represent the intrusive ages of the MG, LG and HG, respectively. The mean age of Mansehra Granite (ca. 480 Ma) is younger than the reported Rb/Sr age of 516±16 Ma (Le Fort et al., 1980). The U-Pb zircon systematics of Mansehra Granite is comparable with the reported Rb/Sr and U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan granites and gneisses. Moreover, the depletion of Ba, Sr, Nb and Ti in spidergrams of the MGC allows correlation with the early Paleozoic (500±25 Ma) Lesser Himalayan S-type granites. According to the similarity of mineralogical, geochemical, structural features and U-Pb zircon dating of the MGC (ca. 466-490 Ma) with the peraluminous S-type Himalayan granites, it may be assumed that Mansehra Complex is associated with the Pan African orogeny. However, convincing evidence is lacking. Hence, the genesis of MGC can be better explained by emplacement of Cambro- Ordovician granites along the northern margin of Gondwana.