Reproductive health is concerned with the people’s ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life ensuring their capability to reproduce with a liberty of making a decision that if, when and how often they have to do so. In Pakistan, culturally females are married at a young age; become mothers and are at risk of health complications i.e. HIV/ STD and STI. There is less utilization of reproductive health services throughout Pakistan that ultimately affect the health status of people at very young age. Most of the communities are not aware of reproductive health services and thus do not avail of these facilities. So the present study was designed to examine the females perceptions, attitudes and practices about reproductive health services as well as to determine the level of their empowerment to take decisions and make choices regarding their own reproductive health besides determining the level of the quality, availability and accessibility of reproductive health services and to suggest some measures for policy makers to improve the reproductive health state of young mothers in district Faisalabad. A sample of 600 young married females aged 15-32 years were selected through multistage sampling technique. Most (44.0%) of the respondents belonged to age category of 26-30 years; 35.5% were married up to 18 years; 39.3% had passed up to 5 years marriage duration; 71.8% had primary and above level of education. Majority (65.9%) had up to Rs.10,000 per month income, 49.2% possessed 6-10 family members, 73.5% bore at least 2 and above live children, 74.0 % perceived family planning as good,79.7% had knowledge of FP, 54.7% HIV/AIDs, STIs (30.2%), RH (68.7%), RTIs (47.7%) and 26.0% practiced FPM. The most common FPMs were condom (33.3%) and tubectomy (21.8%) while 41.0% faced side effect because of FPM during their reproductive life. A huge majority (79.8%) of the respondents received ANC, 87.8% made regular visits for medical checkup and 48.8% got ANC from Pvt. Hospital during last pregnancy. Bi-variate analysis showed highly significant relation among age at marriage, awareness level, monthly income, education, number of pregnancies, number of children, number of visits to medical centre, availability of RH services, cultural hindrance and age of respondents vs. their reproductive health. The adjusted value of R2 was 0.415 which indicates that the predictor variables given in the model were responsible for 41.5% variation in the reproductive health of females.
ہاشم شاہ(۱۷۵۶ئ۔۱۸۲۱ئ) میں موضعجگد یوکلاں تحصیل اجنالہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ کے والد حاجی محمد شریف اپنے عہد کے کے پیرِ طریقت تھے۔ ہاشم نے انھیکے ہاتھ پر بیعت کی۔ آپ کے والد مختلف علوم اور زبانوں کے ماہر ہونے کے علاوہ حکیم حاذق بھی تھے۔ مہاراجہ رنجیت سنگھ جب ان کے علاج سے صحت یاب ہوا تو خوش ہو کر تھرپال نزد ریہ نارووال ان کو انعام میں دیا۔ ہاشم تا دمِ مرگ ۱۸۲۱ء یہیں رہے(۶) سرور ارمان نارووال کے شعرا کے تذکرے میں ہاشم شاہ کے بارے میں رقمطراز ہیں: ہاشم شاہ نے فارسی‘ پنجابی اور اردو میں شاعری کی مگر ان کی شہرت کا بڑا سبب ان کی لکھی ہوئی عشقیہ داستاں سسی پنوں ہے۔ جس سے ان کا شمار پنجابی کلاسیکی شعرامیں ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ ہاشم شاہ نے سوہنی مہینوال‘ شیریں فرہاد‘ لیلیٰ مجنوں ‘ ہیر رانجھا اور دوہے بھی پنجابی زبان میں لکھے۔(۷) ہاشم شاہ عشقِ حقیقی کے قائل تھے۔ ان کے آبائو اجداد میں سب پیر اور روحانی پیشوا تھے۔ آپ نے باطنی طور پر حضرت پیر عبد القادر جیلانیؒ سے روحانی فیض حاصل کیا۔ نمونے کے طور پر کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں : اس گناہیں کے لیے یا پیر غفاری کرو
اب تو کچھ پردہ نشیں پر حال ستاری کرو
دستگیری کجیو ڈرتا ہے ہاشم پر گناہ
دستگیر بے کساں یا غوث الاعظم بادشاہ (۸)
کہاں سکندر کہاں ہے دارا جام کہاں ہے جم کا جن کی تیغ سے دیو بھی کانپے دل دہلے رستم کا ان کی راکھ ملے نہ ڈھونڈے دنیا گھر ہے غم کا ہاشم جان غنیمت جانو نہیں بھروسا دم کا (۹)
پھول اور کانٹے دونوں دیکھو ایک جگہ ہوں پیدا اک شب پھول کی عمر‘ یہاں پر...
Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.
The educational system of Pakistan surrounds with several problems. Among them, the most alarming issue is the poor learning outcomes of students. The predominant cause of such worst condition is weak traditional learning environment. To cater chronic educational issues the world around us strongly rely on technology because E-learning is being considered as widely recognized alternative to handle the shortcomings of traditional learning environment. Adaptive Educational Systems (AESs) are specialized class of e-learning which aimed to deliver individualized learning experience. The AESs integrate learner‟s individual characteristics with the help of user modeling techniques to impart instruction to each individual in accordance to his/her learning needs. Numerous AESs have already been developed in the pursuit of quality learning experience. These systems consider single aspect of learner such as learning styles. The success rate of such systems is reasonably low as their impact in terms of improving learning outcomes is still unclear. The researchers affirmed that considering a single aspect of learner is not enough to positively impact the learning process. It is therefore suggested to conduct further research considering other effective parameters along with learning styles. In this thesis, an adaptive learning system is being proposed considering combination of multiple sources of personalization including prior knowledge, Working Memory Capacity (WMC) and learning styles. An experiment has been conducted using sample size of (184) students to evaluate the impact of proposed approach in comparison to traditional learning environment. The student sample was equally divided into control and experimental groups. The control and experimental groups further consisted of subgroups formed on the basis of learners cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics identified using standard instruments. The experimental subgroups learned the subject contents with proposed adaptive learning system whereas control subgroups learned in traditional classroom environment. The results revealed that participants of experimental subgroups outperformed in terms of learning outcomes and learning efficiency than their counterparts of control subgroups.