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Home > Performance Assessment of Canal Irrigation: A Study of Pehur Main Canal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Performance Assessment of Canal Irrigation: A Study of Pehur Main Canal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Siyar, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Geography

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12552/1/muhammad%20siyar%20geography%202019%20uop%20peshwar%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724915100

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Low performance of irrigation systems is a major concern worldwide. This situation is more alarming in the developing countries where agriculture is facing decreased availability of water due to competition from growing needs of industrial and municipal sectors. Irrigated agriculture is pressed hard to produce more food to meet increased demand from rapidly growing population. The pressure on irrigation resources is intensifying in many regions of the earth. The public investments in canal irrigation schemes are declining due to low performance of existing irrigation projects. The additional water resources to expand irrigated agriculture can only be salvaged from wastage through better management strategies. The performance assessment of canal irrigation is used to promote this objective. Research methodology for this study was developed based on the extensive literature review. The measures of performance i.e. Productivity, Equity and Reliability were selected for in depth analysis. The relevant data was acquired from the official records of Irrigation Division I & II Swabi. Outlet-wise register (Mogawar) refer to designed discharge, area to be irrigated, area actually irrigated, crops assessed in each growing season, water tax (abiyana) collected in each growing season. Field surveys and Focused Group Discussions were conducted to validate official data at certain points. Productivity, Equity and Reliability were measured on a scale of zero to one (0—1). In ideal conditions values will be closer to one (1) and the average of all values from head to tail must also be closer to 1. Data analysis demonstrated that majority of the values were closer to 0 (zero). This situation indicated a very low level of performance of the Pehur Main Canal system. In very few instances the values were higher than half of scale and that‘s too in the middle of the system instead of head. The data analysis revealed that the middle of the system was performing better than the head and on individual canal level some middle sections doing better than head sections while tails better than middle parts. This situation indicated that the operation of the system was not stable enough to ensure the rational behavior throughout the system.
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پروفیسر رائز ڈوڈ

پروفیسر رائزڈوڈ

            اسی ماہ میں عالمِ تاریخ کا سب سے بڑا حادثہ پروفیسر رائزڈوڈ کی موت ہے، پروفیسر مرحوم سنسکرت، تاریخِ ہند قدیم اور عہدِ بودھ کے مستند عالم تھے۔ آپ کی zbogogid خاصی دقتِ نظر سے دیکھی جاتی ہے۔ ۱۸۴۷؁ء میں پیدا ہوئے تھے۔

(فروری ۱۹۲۳ء)

 

Lexical Interpretation of Quranic Modes of Preaching

Dawah is scenario-based and it varies with respect to time, place and person. Owing to this fact dawah and daee are given different names in the Holy Quran that could be regarded as their scenario-specific synonyms and substitutes. In this article lexical interpretation and dimensions of dawah and daee are taken into account in context of the holy Quran.

Management of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus Chinensis L. in Stored Chickpea Using Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria

Chickpea ranks 2nd in area under cultivation & 3rd in production among pulses in the world and faces severe insect pest infestations in storages. Callosobruchus chinensis is an economic insect pest and renders grains unfit for human consumption. For its management, grain protectants, fumigants and ethno-botanicals have been used since long. Being unsafe, control trends have to be replaced with safer ones particularly biopesticides. In current studies, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, entomopathogenic bacteria (EPB), Photorhabdus temperata and Xenorhabdus nematophila were used as effective bio-control agents against this pest and proven good alternatives to chemicals. Destruxins are produced by EPF that cause paralysis and death whereas EPB cause septicemia. The core objective of the research encompassed to determine the aptness of aforementioned EPF and EPB against C. chinensis. In addition, the synergistic aptness and effectiveness for long storages were also studied. C. chinensis culture was maintained as ‘Pulse Beetle Rearing Cell’. Chickpea cultivar Noor-2009 was arranged from NARC to conduct bioassays. EPF and EPB were imported from the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC), Korea. Five concentrations of every fungus and bacterium were prepared, each replicated thrice for bioassays to determine their effectiveness against C. chinensis and parameters of study included eggs number, holes number, number of new progeny appeared, number of days to hundred percent death of new progeny, percent weight loss, percent inhibition rate and percent damage. In addition, mortality bioassays of C. chinensis were also conducted for both EPF and EPB. Synergistic effects of EPF and EPB were also determined against C. chinensis. For longer grain storages, bags and grains were also treated. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22, DMRT and Excel programs. The LC50 values viz., 3.4×107, 1.5×105 and 0.4×104 of B. bassiana and 1.2 ×106, 1.1×106 and 0.7×105 of M. anisopliae were recommended after 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Similarly, LC50 values viz., 0.2×106, 0.7×106 and 0.1×106 of P. temperata and 0.6×105, 0.1×106and0.1×105 of X. nematophila were recommended after 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. Synergistic concentrations (1 ×108) of best entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria gave the best results against C. chinensis as compared to application of individual treatments. The maximum percent conidial germination of B. bassiana and mortality were observed when DE (Diatomaceous earth) was used with BBM (Bitterbarkomycin, Chinese plant extract) after seven, fourteen and twenty one days. In the end, best treatments of these entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria were used in bags stored for six months concluding good results in minimizing the damage of this insect pest. Number of alive insects in grains after storage of six months in the control ranged from zero to seventy whereas in all other treatments it remained between ten and twenty and it went below ten in best bacteria applied on both grains and bags. Number of damaged grains ranged from zero to 350 in the control whereas it ranged below 50 in all other treatments. Inert material was more than 4% in control whereas it decreased to 2% in all other treatments. Percent germination in grains after storage of six months was almost more than 80% in all treatments whereas it went below 20% in the control. Acceptance for consumption and detection of off flavors in grains after storage of six months was higher and lower in all treatments respectively as compared to permethrin and control where it went vice versa. The present research has significant contribution towards development of microbial formulations of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, P. temperata and X. nematophila to manage C. chinensis in chickpea grains for shorter and longer storages.