Using theories from personality psychology and the theory of planned behavior, this study investigated those personality variables and psychological mechanisms through which individual investor intends to make investment decisions. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between big five personality traits (Extroversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness) and Investment decisions (Short term and long term). This study also examined the moderating effects of need for cognition, individual mood and mediating effects of financial self efficacy between the study variables. Data was collected from 506 individual investors by using a questionnaire. Investors were selected from Pakistan Stock Exchange. Mediation analysis was performed using Hayes (2013) PROCESS macro in SPSS. Results of the study supported a positive relationship between openness to experience, extraversion and short term investment decision. Similarly a positive relationship existed between neuroticism, conscientiousness and long term investment decisions. The results from bootstrapping supported the mediation hypothesis and financial self-efficacy mediated the relationship between agreeableness, openness to experience and short term investment decision. Further the results also supported the mediating effect of financial self-efficacy between neuroticism, conscientiousness and long term investment decision. To test the moderation hypotheses step-wise regression analysis techniques were used. The results confirmed the moderating effect of need for cognition for extrovert & neurotic investors on financial-self efficacy. The result of the study also supported the modrating role of mood on short term investment decisions. In conclusion this study has made an integrated attempt to examine the combined effect of personality, cognition and mood on an individual’s short and long term investment decisions. Drawing on the findings we discussed some implications for the policy makers including investment marketers, investment advisors and offered an advice to investors in addition to discussing some limitations and future directions
کتاب اور صاحبِ کتاب کی نذر لعل و گوہر سے گِراں تر اُن کی یہ تحریر ہے ہے یہی تخت شہی ، اُن کی یہی جاگیر ہے علم سے بڑھ کر کوئی بھی نعمتِ کبریٰ نہیں علم طاقت، علم دولت، علم ہی شمشیر ہے اِس میں غوطہ زن تمہیں ہونا ہے میرے دوستو وقت کا جو خواب ہے اُس کی یہی تعبیر ہے اختصار و جامعیت کی مرقعّ ہے یہی بند کوزے میں سمندر ، ان کی ہر تقریر ہے کس قدر گہری نظر ہے اِن کی سب حالات پر وقت کے نباض کی منہ بولتی تصویر ہے چار گوشہ اُن کی شخصیت ہے خود ہی دیکھ لو اِک مدرس، ایک عالم ہے ،خطیب اور پیر ہے ظلمتِ شب میں فروزاں نور کا مینار ہیں سَیف ہے اُن کی زباں ، ہر لفظ میں تاثیر ہے اک خزینۂ گراں مایہ ہے اُن کی پیشکش ہر مدرس ، ہر مقرر کے لیے اکسیر ہے حضرت راشد ؔ کی کاوش مرحبا ، صد مرحبا اِن کا اِک اِک حرف تائبؔ نعرۂ تکبیر ہے پروفیسر اکرام تائب سابق صدر شعبہ (اردو ادبیات) گورنمنٹ پوسٹ گریجوایٹ کالج عارف والا
Many people of literature deny the existenic of dramatic art in the classical poetry of Arabs. They provide proofs for their allegation. But the reality is contrary that for many reasons. In this we have provided the proof which will explore the fact that before the dawn of 20th century the Arabic poetry exists the dramatic art of literature
A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of numerous sensor nodes which can be used as an effective tool for data collection in different applications like remote health care, war field surveillance, environmental monitoring, smart farming etc. WSN has rapidly gain massive global attractions which gives a new perspective to deal with things contrary to the traditional approach of performing tasks. WSN nodes are multifunctional, low-cost processing and sensing unit with a limited pre-installed battery capacity that are directly or indirectly connect and collaborate with each other. These nodes organize themselves in their environment to gather information, process it, share and transmit collected data at end-point that provide unattended operations or less human intervention which reduce financial cost and minimize the risks. As GDP is the key factor of the country in terms of economic health and services capability in an international market from various industries like textile, manufacturing, agriculture etc. So, the minimization of financial losses to increase the overall GDP is utmost important. One of the major challenges of WSN is to collect aggregated data with minimum energy consumption from sensor nodes to base station. In this thesis, the focus is to enhance the network performance with minimum energy consumption based on the Hybrid Multi-Tier Mobile Data Collector (MDC) based Cluster / GRID routing protocol. This protocol makes use of a GRID / Cluster based MultiTier architecture and uses multi-hop communication mechanism between clusters and base station. The Hybrid Multi-Tier MDC based protocol shows substantial improvements in minimizing sensor nodes’ energy consumption and improve the network life. Hence, the better instantaneous monitoring, increase administrative power on going tasks, in depth historical insight, and smart decision making become possible with minimal investment that strength farmers and assure higher revenue.