The study dealing with petrography, lithofacies and sedimentology of Tiyon formation help in correlation regionally and globally. During the Early-Middle Eocene rapid transgression and locally regression in Southern Lower Indus Basin deposited limestone interbedded shale in Tiyon formation in between Laki and Kirthar Formation. The main lithofacies distributed in Tiyon formation is limestone, nodular and marly limestone, highly fossilifereous with interbedded silty calcareous shale. The microfacies are mudstone, wackstone, packstone and grainstone with dominant Alveolinids, Assilina and Nummulities. The fauna are well preserved in similar lithofacies with minor change in France, Alpine, Himalayan and Indo-Pacific region. The Litho-biofacies of Tiyon formation indicates the marine transgression during Lutetian, west to east from Paris Basin through Libya, Egypt, Oman, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sindh, Salt Range, Kutch, Rajasthan and Assam to Indonesia. The basal and middle part of the Tiyon formation yields Paracypris maridonalis, Paracypris sapperi, Schizoptocythere sp., Stigmatocythere oblique ostracods which are correlated to Saudi Arabia, Salt Range, Sor Range of Baluchistan and Kutch (India) area but in the middle to upper part Bairoloppilata and Krithe rutoti are common in Paris, Belgium and England. The presence of abundant gastropod species Velates perversus in European countries also confirms the Lutetian transgression from west to east Tethys. The upper part of Tiyon formation consists of Alveolina elongata, Nummulities obtusus, N. pinfoldi and N. perforatus indicates the Late Lutetian - Early Bartonian. The Tiyon formation is correlated with Pir Koh Limestone, lower part of Drazinda shale of Zinda Pir, Drug area (D.G. Khan) Punjab, basal shale unit of the Kirthar Formation and upper most beds of Ghazij Shale exposed in the Sore-Range, Chorgali Formation, Kuldana Formation, Basal part of Kohat formation and Sakesar Formation The Tiyon formation is the unit of Chat member of Laki Formation. This distinct lithological unit with different stratigraphic position should be formalized as a separate formation. The Tiyon formation is deposited in inner to outer platform with normal salinity, clear and warm water conditions most appropriate for the flourishing of shallow marine faunal assemblages. The age of Tiyon formation represent the Late Ypresian-Early Bartonian stage of Middle Eocene.
شاعری ایک خوبصورت اور من موہنی صنف رْباعی ہے۔ رْباعی کا لفظ رْبع سے نکلا ہے۔عربی زبان میں اربعہ کے معنی ’’چار‘‘ کے ہیں۔اس وجہ سے ایسی صنف شاعری کو رْباعی کہا جائے گا جس کے چار مصرعے ہوں۔
شاعری کی اصطلاح میں رْباعی اس صنف کا نام ہے جس میں مخصوص وزن کے چار مصرعوں میں ایک مضمون یا خیال بیان کیا جاتا ہے۔یعنی رْباعی وہ شعری صنف ہے جس میں عروض کے ماہرین کے مقرر کیے ہوئے خاص وزن،خیال کی وحدت اور بیان کے تسلسل کی پابندی بہت ضروری ہے۔
رْباعی میں بیان کے تسلسل اور خیال کی آہستہ آہستہ بڑھوتری کے اظہار کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ رباعی کے چار وں مصرعے زنجیر کی گھریوں کی طرح ایک دوسرے سے جڑے ہوئے ہوں،الفاظ کا چناؤ موضوع اور خیال کے مطابق ہو پہلے مصرعے میں مناسب الفاظ کے ذریعے خیال کے بارے میں معلومات دی جائیں۔دوسرے اور تیسرے مصرعے میں خیال مکمل طور پر پورے زور و شعور کے ساتھ ڈرامائی انداز میں پیش کیا جائے کیوں کہ چوتھا مصرعہ ہی رباعی کے مجموعی تاثر اور خلاصے کو بیان کرتا ہے۔اس میں ہی رباعی کا اصل خیال یا مضمون کو بیان کیا جاتا ہے جس کی خاطر رباعی لکھی گئی ہے۔
جہاں تک رباعی کے مضامین اور موضوعات کا تعلق ہے۔اس صنف کاآغازمذہبی مضامین کے بیان سے ہوا۔شروع شروع میں حمد،نعت اور توحید کا ذکر ہی رباعی میں کیا جاتا تھا۔پھر آہستہ آہستہ صوفیانہ خیالات ،معرفت کے مضامین رباعی کے موضوعات بن گئے۔صوفیاء کرام کا دین کی تبلیغ کا کام کرنا،لوگوں کو اخلاق کا درس دینا اور معاشرے کی اصلاح یہ سبھی مضامین صوفی شعراء نے رباعی میں بیان کیے۔اگر فارسی رباعی پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو...
Education has been considered the core value of human life. Religion and education are interrelated. The preaching of religion depends upon the education and training. Our holy Prophet (SAW) was an ideal educationist not only of his times but for the future generations as well. The article deals with the importance of education in the light of prophetic model. Prophet Mohammad (SAW) has emphasized on education and guidance of Muslims. He has established many educational policies for the Muslims which include Treaty of Madina, brotherhood of Muslims, construction of masajid, establishment of Suffa. These initiatives provided a ground work for future generations in shaping their educational syllabus and policies.
Autonomic systems promise to inject self-managing capabilities in software systems. The major objectives of autonomic computing are to minimize human intervention and to enable a seamless self-adaptive behavior in software systems. To achieve self-managing behavior, various methods have been exploited in the past. Case- Based Reasoning (CBR) is a problem solving paradigm of artificial intelligence which exploits past experience, stored in the form of problem-solution pairs. Although CBR has been applied in the externalization architecture of self-healing systems at a limited scale, however it has not been fully exploited in autonomic systems in general. We have proposed and applied CBR to achieve autonomicity in software systems. The proposed approach has been described and evaluated on CBR implementation for externalization and internalization architectures of autonomic systems. The study highlights the effect of ten different similarity measures, the role of adaptation and the effect of changing nearest neighborhood cardinality for a CBR solution cycle in autonomic managers. The results show that the proposed CBR based autonomic systems exhibit 90 to 98% accuracy in diagnosing the problem and planning the solution. The learning process improves as more experience is added to the case-base. This results in a larger case-base. A larger case-base reduces the efficiency in terms of computational cost. To overcome this efficiency problem, this research work suggests to cluster the case-base, classify the reported problem in the appropriate cluster and devise the solution. This approach reduces the search complexity by confining a new case to a relevant cluster in the case-base. Clustering the case-base is a one-time process and does not need to be repeated regularly. The proposed approach has been outlined in the form of a new clustered CBR framework. The comparison of performance of the conventional CBR approach and clustered CBR approach has been presented in terms of their Accuracy, Recall and Precision (ARP) and computational efficiency. The proposed approach exhibits up to 90% accuracy. It indicates that the performance does not degrade using clustered CBR approach in terms of accuracy and at the same time, it improves the time complexity of the retrieval process. As the case-base grows in size, it is partitioned into different clusters in order to improve the retrieval efficiency. Deciding an appropriate number of clusters for a case-base is not a trivial problem. This research work proposes an approach to cluster the case-base into a random number of clusters. Two versions of the randomized approach have been presented. One of them guarantees success but its computational cost is a function of random variable. Other approach guarantees a deterministic computational cost but the success is not guaranteed. In order to ensure the retrieval time, a binary search based retrieval strategy has also been proposed. Randomized approach guarantees the same level of accuracy as in case of the clustered CBR approach and simplifies the clustering process by reducing its time complexity. The proposed approaches have been implemented on Rice University Bidding Sys- tem (RUBiS) and a simulation study of Autonomic Forest Fire Application (AFFA). Their theoretical and empirical results have been compared. The statistical analysis shows that the empirical and theoretical results are significantly similar.