Photocatalytic degradation of slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW) through TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 catalysts alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under both UV irradiation and sunlight, and photocatalytic inactivation of pathogens and their regrowth potential in treated SHWW have been investigated in this study. The slaughterhouse wastewater characteristics, including BOD (1078.45 mg/l), COD (2024.5 mg/l) and total nitrogen (83.07 mg/l) were found extremely higher than National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) for BOD (80 mg/l), COD (150 mg/l) and nitrogen (40 mg/l). Thus, the wastewater requires treatment for safe disposal into water bodies. The performance of catalysts (TiO2, Ag-TiO2) alone or combined with other processes was a function of process conditions such as pH of the reaction medium, dose of catalyst, treatment time and type of light source. Catalysts performed well in acidic medium (pH 3) and efficiency of catalysts increased with increasing catalyst dose and treatment time only up to their optimum values. The application of TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 catalysts under UV irradiation (400 W lamp) for the degradation of slaughterhouse wastewater at optimal process conditions (pH 3; catalyst dose of 1 g/l; treatment time of 40 min), resulted in 87.02% BOD, 72.34% COD and 63.89% nitrogen removals and 89.98% BOD, 75.01% COD and 65.09% nitrogen removals respectively. Silver doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) catalyst performed better than TiO2 as silver doping on TiO2 significantly enhances photocatalytic activity and working under sunlight. Under optimum conditions (pH 3, catalyst dose of 1.5 g/l and sunlight exposure time of 90 min), Ag-TiO2 catalyst yielded 85.16% BOD, 73.0% COD and 63% total nitrogen (TN) removal from SHWW, whereas TiO2 showed maximum BOD, COD and nitrogen removal efficiency in the tune of 50%, 40% and 37%, respectively under optimum conditions ((pH 3, catalyst dose of 1.5 g/l and sunlight exposure time of 120 min). The degradation efficiency of Ag-TiO2 combined with H2O2 (Ag-TiO2/H2O2), irrespective of the mode of applications (mobilized, immobilized) and source of light used (UV irradiation, sunlight), was found to be spectacular due to the increase of both synergetic and sustained release of powerful oxidizing hydroxyl radicals of TiO2 nano-particles and H2O2 together with silver ions and electron-hole separations at the surface of nano TiO2 by the silver ions. Thus, under optimum conditions (pH 3, 1 g/l catalyst dose, 40 min UV irradiation exposure time and 0.5 ml/l H2O2) and (pH 3, catalyst dose 1.5 g/l, 90 min sunlight exposure time and 1 ml/l H2O2), maximum BOD, COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies reached to 95.08%, 86.66% and 73.51% and 94.15%, 84.34 % and 72.31% under UV irradiation and sunlight, respectively. The application of TiO2 catalyst showed 99.9% elimination of pathogens (total coliform, fecal coliform and escherichia coli) under UV irradiation time of 15 min. Almost same removal efficiency was achieved with TiO2 under sunlight exposure time of 100 min. The disinfection efficiencies of Ag-TiO2 alone and combined processes like TiO2/H2O2, and Ag-TiO2/H2O2, irrespective of light source used (UV irradiation, sunlight) were however amazing due to the synergetic photocatalytic antibacterial activity of TiO2 nano-particles and H2O2 together with silver ions and complete removal of pathogens was obtained at very short treatment time under both UV irradiation and sunlight. The dominance of processes, like Ag-TiO2, TiO2/H2O2 and Ag-TiO2/H2O2 to eliminate pathogens over TiO2 alone under both UV irradiation and sunlight with regard to regrowth of pathogens in slaughterhouse wastewater treated with these processes validated by the fact that there was no regrowth in Ag-TiO2, TiO2/H2O2 and AgTiO2/H2O2 treated SHWW samples in the presence of nutrients and favorable temperature (35oC) even after 21 days period of time. It appears from the results that synergetic photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activities make Ag-TiO2/H2O2 system potentially applicable to treat slaughterhouse wastewater under both light sources.
آکھیا جاندا اے کہ حیاتی وچ ترقی کرن لئی کسے سیانے بندے دی لوڑ ہوندی اے۔ جو تہانوں حیاتی دے رستے دیاں اوکڑاں توں جانوں کروا کے تہاڈی آگوائی کرسکے۔ میرے نال وی حیاتی وچ کجھ انج ای ہویا۔ میرا تعلق ضلع مظفر گڑھ دے اک پنڈ ۶۴۷ ایم۔ بی نال اے۔ دسویں کرن پچھوں مظفر گڑھ کالج وچ داخلہ لیا، پر انٹر ایس پاروں نہ کرسکیا کہ ہاسٹل دی سنگت نے صرف ہاسٹل انجوائے کرن دتا۔ پڑھائی ول دھیان گھٹ ای رہیا۔ پر ایس حیاتی دا ایہہ فائدہ ہویا کہ ادب نال میری دلچسپی ودھی۔ کیوں جے کالج پرتن مگروں سنگی دوہڑے آکھدے ہوندے سن یاں فیر کوئی گیت گاؤندے سن۔ پہلاں پہل ایہہ کم چنگا نہ لگا۔ فیر ہولی ہولی شاعری وچ دلچسپی ودھی تاں سرائیکی دے کئی شعر زبانی یاد ہوگے۔ ایہو اوہ ویلا سی جدوں میں وی شاعری نوں منہ مارنا شروع کیتا۔ پر چھیتی ای احساس ہوگیا کہ ایہہ میرے وس دا روگ نئیں۔ پر طبیعت کجھ نہ کجھ لکھن نوں کردی سی۔ ایس لئی ماڑی چنگی کہانی لکھنا شروع کیتی۔ پر سجناں ولوں اسارو ہنگارانہ ہوون پاروں میں ایہہ کم چھڈ دتا۔ ایس پچھوں میں کم کار لئی فیصل آباد آگیا۔
فیصل آباد مڑ پڑھن دا من کیتا تے ایس دوران ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب ہوراں نال ملاقات ہوئی۔ اوہناں پڑھائی وچ مدد کرن دے نال نال میرے شوق دی...
This Paper analyses the causes of the domestic violence against female beggars and their impacts on their lives. The paper is strictly limited to Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad. The domestic violence against women exits in various forms. However, it is pretty horrible in the form being inflicted against female beggars in Qasimabad. The scores of causes for the domestic violence against female beggars range from rising poverty to population explosions with deep physical and mental impacts on the sufferers. For data collection qualitative research through Focused Group discussion method has been used through snow ball technique. 10 Cases of female beggars have been opted for the FGDs out of which two participated with their social backgrounds. The study concludes the pathetic condition of the female beggars due to multiple factors and their serious implications both physically as well as mentally. The study recommends prompt action from the Government as well as social scientist to go deep further in the social issues such as violence against the female beggars. Simultaneously there is immediate intervention of Government and the concerned department to address these issues on emergent basis as the number is likely to reach an alarming level.
Experimental design, used to study the effect of some factors on a process, have wide application in modern scientific research. Main purpose of this research project is the study and construction of complete diallel cross (CDC) design and partial diallel cross (PDC)design by method of cyclic shifts. Diallel cross designs for block designs were developed by different authors. Schmidt (1919) first introduced “the Diallel Cross Design”. Following the main structure of diallel cross deigns, a new designs for different classes of designs are constructed by method of cyclic shifts. This technique is useful to establish several series construction plans. Optimality and efficiency of different classes of designs are also obtained in this project. Uddin and Morgan (1990) derive a general construction technique for specific classes of balanced incomplete block designs with nested rows, which impose more restriction on parameters. A general balanced incomplete block designs with nested rows and columns construction technique is derived by Shaffer and Srivastav(2009). The universal optimality of all designs arising from the construction techniques is also obtained. In this thesis, we are followed the proposed model (for unblocked situation) of Ghosh and Das (2003), we have constructed CDC and PDC design using a new method called cyclic shifts. The significant aspect of method of cyclic shifts is that the properties of a design can be obtained from the off-diagonal elements of the concurrence matrix without constructing the actual blocks of the design. The newly proposed designs possess the property of A-optimality for some specific values of v, b and block size.