Several anthropogenic and natural sources are considered as the primary sources of toxic metals in the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate heavy metal concentrations in soil and plants collected from the mafic and ultramafic rocks situated in Heroshah (Malakand Agency), Qala (Mohmand Agency) and Alpuri (Shangla District). In the study area, mafic and ultramafic rocks are hosting chromite deposits; therefore, both soil and plant samples were collected for chemical analyses. For the reclamation of mine impacted soil, different adsorption materials such as activated carbon powder (ACP), activated carbon granules (ACG) and farmyard manure (FYM) at different ratio (2 and 5%) were randomly mixed with the desired soil samples and plants were cultivated in the pots. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals i.e. arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) using atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, AAS-PEA-700), ICP–OES (Perkin Elmer Optima 7000 DV, USA) and ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7500 CX, USA). Currently, the most burning issue is the contamination of soil ecosystems and associated human health risks of heavy metals because of their adverse effects and toxicity. The findings of the current study were compared with the maximum allowable limits (MAL) set by various international organizations such as State Environmental Protection Administration of China (SEPA), World Health Organization (WHO) and Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). Different statistical tools were used for the identification of sources of selected heavy metals in the study area. Furthermore, the study aimed to select the best hyperaccumulative plant species and create awareness among the local population regarding potential health risk of heavy metal contamination. The current study investigates the level of heavy metals contamination in the flora associated with serpentine soil adjoining the Mafic and Ultramafic rocks Northern-Pakistan. Soil and wild native plant species were collected from chromites mining affected areas and analyzed for heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu and Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS-PEA- 700). The heavy metal concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) higher in mine impacted soil as compared to reference soil, however Cr and Ni exceeded maximum allowable limit (250 and 60 mg kg-1, respectively) set by SEPA for soil. Inter-metal correlations between soil, roots and shoots showed that the sources of metals contamination were mainly associated with chromites mining. All the plant species accumulated significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals as compared to reference plant. The open dumping of mine wastes could create serious metals contamination of food and drinking water sources for local community of the study area. The native wild plant species (Nepeta cataria, Impatiens bicolor royle, Tegetis minuta) growing on mining affected soils can be used for phytoremediation of affected soils contaminated with heavy metals. Medicinal, fodder plants and soil samples collected from the study area were analyzed for Pb and Cd concentrations using AAS Perkin Elmer, AAS-PEA-700. Soil pollution load indices (PLI) values more than 2 showing high contamination levels for both Cd and Pb. Furthermore, Cd concentrations in the soil surrounding the mining sites exceeded MAL (0.3 mg kg-1), while the concentrations of Pb were lower than its MAL set by SEPA for agriculture soil. The Pb and Cd concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.001) in soil of mining contaminated sites as compared to the reference site, which can be attributed to the dispersion of toxic heavy metals, present in the bed rocks and waste of the mines. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in majority of medicinal and fodder plant species grown in surrounding areas of mines were higher than their MALs set by WHO /FAO for herbal and edible plants. The high concentrations of Cd and Pb may cause contamination of the food chain and health risk. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and economically feasible technique for the reclamation of environment polluted with toxic heavy metals. Therefore the next study was designed to evaluate the heavy metal concentration (Cr, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) in chromite mining affected soil and native plant species by using AAS. The contaminated soils from Qala and Heroshah site soil showed multifold enrichment in heavy metals and PLI > 5. Soil and plant species from chromite affected areas have significantly (p<0.001) high metal concentrations as compared to reference site. Among the contaminated sites, Heroshah was highly contaminated than Qala. These high metal concentrations could be due to chromite mining and open dumping of mine wastes. High metal concentrations in the study area may cause potential threat to the local community and grazing animals. Phytoremediation potential of plant species like Solanum. surrattense, Dedonia. viscosa, Raziya. stracta, Calotropis. procera and Artemisia scoparia can be used to remediate chromite contaminated soils, though further investigation is still needed in terms of field and lab experiments. Organic amendment in soil has been proposed to immobilize heavy metals and minimize bioaccumulation. Another study was conducted to investigate the effects of different amendments (ACP2, ACP5, ACG2, ACG5, FYM2 and FYM5) on heavy metals such as (As, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Co and Al) in mine impacted soil and plants cultivated under controlled conditions . The results showed that almost all the amendments significantly (p≤0.001) reduced the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals by Penisitum americanum and Sorghum bicolor significantly (p≤0.001) reduced with all the amendment except (Zn and Cd) concentration increased with FYM2 and FYM5. The plant growth was significantly reduced with ACP2, ACP5, ACG2 and ACG5 amendment, while FYM2 and FYM5 significantly (p≤0.001) increased the plant growth as compared to the control. Among the amendments, ACP5 was the best one in reducing bioavailability and bioaccumulation of toxic metals in plants.
یونیورسٹی آف سیالکوٹ کے شعبہ اردو کو یہ اعزاز حاصل ہے کہ اس میں ایم ایس سطح کے تحقیقی مقالات کے لیے جدید اور متنوع موضوعات پر کام کروایا جا رہا ہے۔ روزینہ یاسمین نے تحقیقی جرائد " تحصیل " اور "مآخذ"کی اشاریہ سازی کا کام جس محنت اور شوق سے کیا اس کے لیے یہ مبارکباد کی حق دار ہیں۔ طالبہ کی اس اولین کاوش کو تمام اساتذہ کرام نے بھی خوب سراہا ۔یہ ہماری خوش نصیبی کہ ہمیں اردو ادب کے نامور محقق،نقاد، مصنف ، استاد اور تحقیقی جریدہ "تحصیل" کے مدیرپروفیسرڈاکٹر معین الدین عقیل صاحب کی معاونت اور قیمتی مشورے میسر آئے۔ایسی عظیم شخصیات اردو ادب کا سرمایہ افتخار ہیں ۔ ڈاکٹر صاحب نوجوان محققین کی نہ صرف حوصلہ افزائی کرتے ہیں بلکہ ان کی ہر ممکن کوشش بھی کرتے ہیں۔
تحقیق میں نئے موضوعات پر کام کروانا وقت کی ضرورت ہے۔ جن جامعات نے اشاریہ سازی پر تحقیقی کام کروایا ان میں پنجاب یونیورسٹی(لاہور)، بہاء الدین زکریا یونیورسٹی(ملتان)، جامعہ کراچی (کراچی)، جامعہ پشاور (پشاور)، اسلامیہ یونیورسٹی(بہاول پور)، انٹرنیشنل اسلامک یونیورسٹی (اسلام آباد) ، نمل یونیورسٹی(اسلام آباد)اورعلامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی (اسلام آباد) وغیرہ کی کاوشیں قابل تحسین ہیں ۔
اردو تحقیق کو جدید تناظر میں دیکھیں تو اشاریہ سازی کواساسی حیثیت دی جاتی ہے کیونکہ محققین کے لیے سب سے بڑا مسئلہ کم وقت میں مطلوبہ مواد تک رسائی کا ہوتاہے اور اشاریوں کی مدد سے آپ کم وقت اور کم محنت سے آسانی...
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الإعلام الجديد في تعزيز قضية المصالحة الوطنية الفلسطينية ومحاولات إنهاء الانقسام، ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة فقط استخدم الباحث منهج الاتصال، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي القائم على التحليل الكمي من خلال برنامج SPSS الإحصائي والمنهج المسحي. تمثل مجتمع الدراسة في الإعلاميين الفلسطينيين العاملين في قطاع غزة، في حين تمثلت عينة الدراسة في (183) مفردةً. وخلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج، أهمها: أنَّ قضية تفاعل الإعلاميين مع قضية "المصالحة الوطنية" كان كبيراً جداً وبنسبة 78.7%. أوصت الدراسة بتوحيد جهود مستخدمي الإعلام الجديد والانطلاق بوثيقة وطنية من شأنها أن تهدف حشد كافة الجهات لصالح القضايا الوطنية الفلسطينية.
The present study aims to design, formulate and evaluate Flurbiprofen (FLB) and Diclofenac Sodium (DCL-Na) once-daily controlled release 100 mg tablets, using various grades of Ethocel® ethylcellulose ether derivative polymer both in-vitro and iv-vivo. FLB and DCL-Na are widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, usually recommended in steroid therapy, and for symptomatic relief of dysmenorrhoea. Optimization of drug substances throughout the determination of some physical and chemical properties is authoritatively ordered in the development of a stable, effective, safe, and reproducible dosage form. The bioavailability of these drugs in gastrointestinal tract is dissolution rate limited. Therefore, during our preformulation work, our efforts encompassed the detailed study of parameters such as particle size, particle size distribution, pH solubility profiles and dissolution behavior of FLB and DCL-Na powders. Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffractomertery (XRD) were exploited as the characterization and evaluation techniques. Solid dispersions of each of FLB and DCL-Na drugs were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. Drug powders, physical mixtures and solid dispersions of each of the drugs were evaluated by different physical methods, including bulk density, tapped density, hausner’s ratio, angle of repose and compressibility index. Different bio-polymeric approaches have been used to the drug release rate and to maintain a steady state plasma concentration throughout the treatment time. Ethylcellulose ether derivative polymers were used to design and formulate oral controlled release hydrophobic matrix tablets prepared by direct compression technique, using a single punch machine. Tablets were subjected to various physical and quality control tests, including thickness, diameter, weight variation, hardness, friability and content uniformity. Tablets were subjected to dissolution test for in-vitro release studies. Later, different kinetic parameters were applied to investigate the drug release mechanism from the polymer based matrix tablets. Diffusion controlled pH independent release with desired zero order kinetics for both the FLB and DCL-Na drugs was an important achievement planned into once-daily controlled released matrix tablets. The controlled released matrix tablets, each of FLB and DCL-Na, containing 30% Ethocel® Standard 7 FP Premium were selected as optimized tablets for further pharmacokinetic studies. Stability of the selected tablets of both FLB and DCL-Na drugs was observed during the short term accelerated stability studies. After selecting optimized test tablets of both FLB and DCL-Na drugs, in-vivo studies were conducted using albino rabbits, using HPLC-based simple, rapid and validated methods. The test ad market formulation were given to the rabbits already fasted for 24 hours. Blood samples were collected from marginal ear vein at predetermined time intervals for 42 hours, and were analyzed by HPLC developed method. In order to investigate the release mechanism in-vivo, various pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-24, AUC0-inf, MRT, t1/2 and Cltotal for test and reference tablets, were obtained using kinetica software. The best mode of particle size distribution (80-100 μm) of both FLB and DCL-Na was best dissolved in the pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution and gave maximum absorbance at 247 and 276 nm, respectively. Physical evaluation of the starting materials, including bulk density ranged from 0.250±0.09 to 0.388±0.02, tapped density from 0.250±0.09 to 0.398±0.07, hausner’s ratio from 1.01±0.01 to 1.34±0.08, angle of repose from 11.53 ̊±0.09 to 29.88±0.01, and percent compressibility ranged from 11.21±0.02 to 28.55±0.01%, which were found to be in the best acceptable range, reported in literature. These results showed Ethocel® standard 7 FP premium alone sequentially extended the release of drugs up to 24 hours. Ethocel® helped in maintaining the drugs knotted in its viscous gel layer. The drug release rate could be altered by polymer concentration and particle size. The inclusion of HPMC likely caused slow hydration leading to erosion and drug release by diffusion. While, CMC and Starch-based formulation showed the burst release and completely disintegrated within two hours. Simple and rapid HPLC methods were developed both for FLB and DCL-Na drugs with short retention time of 3.2 and 5.9 minutes, respectively. Optimum levels of both the FLB and DCL-Na Serum concentrations (Cmax) were observed forecasting minimum chances of adverse effects. Significantly prolonged tmax of the test tablets of both FLB and DCL-Na indicated smooth and extended absorption phase of the drugs under study. A good co-relation between the in-vitro drug release and in-vivo drug absorption of the drugs was observed. It was also observed that the area under curves (AUCs) of test tablets and reference tablets were not significantly different (p<0.05) from each other in case of both FLB and DCL-Na drugs. It was concluded that (Ethocel®) ethycellulose ether derivative polymer could be used to prepare once-daily controlled release matrix tablets of FLB and DCL-Na non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs.