وہاں دشمن بھی ہوتے ہیں جہاں پر یار ہوتے ہیں
جہاں پہ پھول ہوتے ہیں ، وہیں پر خار ہوتے ہیں
پتہ اُن کا اگر چاہو مرے ہر زخم سے پوچھو
جدھر سے تیر آتا ہے وہیں سرکار ہوتے ہیں
مقدر میں جو سختی ہو تو ایسا ہو ہی جاتا ہے
وہی گھر لوٹ لیتے ہیں جو پہریدار ہوتے ہیں
میں افشا راز کر سکتا ہوں تیری بزم کے ظالم
کہ میں سب جانتا ہوں جو بھی کاروبار ہوتے ہیں
جہاں والوں کے دل میں ہم نے تائبؔ جی یہ دیکھا ہے
انھیں کی یاد ہوتی ہے جو باکردار ہوتے ہیں
Studies regarding the prevalence of CLABSIs in Pakistan are limited. However, it is known that healthcare-associated infections are a concern in many low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan. The present study is aimed to identify the relative risk of developing CLABSIs in the hospital care setups of Pakistan. The risk of biases in included studies was assessed using Cochrane tool parameters. Analysis of results revealed a relative risk of getting CLABSIs is 1.78 (p<0.001) among patients admitted in the hospitals for greater than 72 hours. This shows that the chances of getting infected at the central line site were more than 50% among patients admitted to ICUs in Pakistan. It has been concluded that the relative risk of CLABSIs in the integrated healthcare system of Pakistan is high. DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/003
Diabetes Mellitus also known as hyperglycemia is a chronic metabolic disorder that is mainly characterized by a rise in the plasma glucose levels above the normal range, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. There are various subtypes of diabetes mellitus of which type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) previously also termed as non-insulin- dependent diabetes is the most prevalent form. World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 9% of the world population suffered from diabetes in 2014 of which 90% had type 2 DM (WHO, 2014).More alarming is the fact that by 2030, type 2 DM will be the 7th major cause of death worldwide. Both genetic and environmental factors result in type 2 DM.The prominent risk factors responsible for the disease include; obesity, excess body fat, high blood pressure, sedentary life style, age, poor dietary habits with high intake of sugar, smoking, high consumption of alcohol, socio-economic factors, ethnicity and stress. Mutations in the Adenosine Binding Cassette Transporter Proteins Subfamily A Member 1 (ABCA1) have been associated with abnormal lipid levels and certain variants have been linked with type 2 DM.The present study analyzed the association of ABCA1 rs2230808 gene polymorphism with type 2 DM patients in a local population. The study was carried on 94 subjects who were divided into 49 normal (control) and 45 type 2 DM patients. Genotyping of ABCA1 rs2230808 polymorphism was done through tetra- primers Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS- PCR) technique. The rs2230808 genotypes in the type 2 DM patients was found to be CC (53.33%), CT (31.11%) and TT (15.55%), while in the control group was found to be CC (46.93%), CT (38.77%) and TT (14.28%). The frequency of C and T allele in type 2 DM patients was observed 0.689 and 0.31 respectively, while the allele frequency of C and T allele in control group was found to be 0.663 and 0.337 respectively. The p-value for genotypes and allelic frequency was greater than 0.05. Hence, the results indicate no significant association of ABCA1 rs2230808 polymorphism with risk for type 2 DM was observed in our study group. Additionally, association of CACNA1C rs2239127 gene polymorphism with type 2 DM was also studied. The subjects were divided into 94 type 2 DM patients and 56 normal samples. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism technique was employed here. The rs2239127 genotypes in type 2 DM patients was observed as TT (54.25%), CT (34.04%) and CC(11.70%), while in control group it was found to be TT(53.57%), CT (37.5%) and CC (8.92%). The p-value for both genotype and allelic frequency was found to be greater than 0.05% which shows no significant association of rs2239127 polymorphism with type 2 DM in our study group.