مراتب اختر معاصرین کی نظر میں
مراتب اخترنے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اپنے منفرد ڈِکشن کی بنا پر شہرت حاصل کی۔ انھیں مجیدامجد کی صحبت سے فیض یاب ہونے کا موقع بھی مِلا۔ مجیدامجد سے اُن کی ملاقاتیں بھی اُن کے جدید شعری رجحان کا سبب بنیں۔ مجیدامجد مراتب اختر کے بارے میں کہتے ہیں:
یہ ایک شاعر ہیں جو غزل کہتے ہیں اور غزل ان کے عقیدئہ حیات کا ایک جزو ہے۔ یہ عقیدہ ان کی رُوح کے لیے شرط ایمان ہے، کوئی عجب شیفتگی ہے جو انھیں اس صنف کے ساتھ ہے۔ ایک عمر سے وہ غزل کے مصنوعی انداز کو نکھارنے میں مصروف ہیں۔ یہاں ان اشعار کے اندر ایک بالکل نیا چہرہ مفاہیم ہے۔ لذتِ بیان کی ایک انوکھی سرشاری ہے۔ بظاہر ایک سہمی ہوئی آواز ہے لیکن دراصل یہ اپنی ہی توانائی سے شرمائی ہوئی آواز ہے۔ نئے اِمکانات اظہار ہیں، نیا جلوئہ حروف ہے۔ ایسا معلوم ہوتا ہے گویا اظہار کے پردے میں شاعر اپنے آپ ہی سے مخاطب ہے۔ خود ہی اپنی آواز، خود ہی اس کا سننے والا اور خود ہی اس سے کیفیت گیر ہے۔ ان اشعار پر مکاشفوں کا گمان ہوتا ہے۔ اپنے تاثر پر اپنا اعتقاد، اپنے اعتقاد پر اپنا ایمان، اپنے اسی اطمینان کا وقار، ان کے ہر شعر سے جھلکتا ہے۔ جابجا ایک ضبط ہے جس کی اپنی تمکنت ہے۔ ایک شکستگی ہے جس کا اپنا جلال ہے۔ ایک کرب مہجوری ہے، جس میں گراوٹ نہیں متانت ہے۔ ایسا احساس ہوتا ہے جیسے محبوب کے ساتھ بات کرتے وقت شاعر کے لہجے میں محبوب کا انداز رضامندی اس میں شامِل ہو گیا ہے۔۔۔ جہاں خارجی اشیاء کا بیان ہے، وہاں یوں لگتا ہے جیسے یہ اشیاء اپنا ٹھوس وجود...
Adolescent character education is extremely important. Promiscuity, rampant rates of aggression against children and youth, robberies against peers, juvenile theft, cheating behaviors, substance addiction, pornography, and the misuse of others' property have all been global issues that have yet to be fully addressed. The article explains the philosophy of adolescent character education, the function of adolescent character education, the urgency of adolescent character education, the factors that affect character education, and the enhancement of adolescent character education for adolescent promiscuity. Attitudes, emotions, will, values, and behaviors are all ingredients in the definition of character education for teenagers.
The present study was planned to investigate the population dynamics and habitats of economically important mosquito species with special emphasis on Aedes spp., the dengue vector in Peshawar Valley during 2011 - 2012. Data were collected from different habitat types in Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan and Charsadda. Efficacy of different synthetic and natural insecticides as well as IGRs was tested in various concentrations against the mosquito species. In the irradiation experiments various doses of Cobalt 60 were tested to determine the optimum dose for causing male sterility in Aedes albopictus. The result revealed that population of Culex spp. was highest in Peshawar and lowest in Charsadda. The mean abundance of Aedes albopictus was highest in Mardan and lowest in Charsadda. Culex spp. populations peaked during September- October while Aedes spp. during October-November. Highest mean abundance (5300) of the specimen was found in sewage water and lowest in flower pots (11). At all the tested sites sewage water was found more favorable for breeding of Culex spp. while, irrigation channels, scrap, water tanks and pot vases for Aedes spp. The ovitrap index revealed higher population of Culex spp. in the indoor while that of Aedes spp. in the outdoor location. The indoor ovitrap index of Culex spp. was highest in Mardan (16.05%) and lowest in Peshawar (9.38%). The outdoor ovitrap index of Aedes spp. was highest in Nowshera (19.3%) and lowest in Charsadda (7.83%). The vector control In Vitro experiments showed significant differences in larval and adult mortalities as affected by the different synthetic insecticides, IGRs and plant extracts tested in various concentrations. Spatial variation in the mortality of both larvae and adults were observed in response to the insecticides. This variable response might be due to the intra-specie genetic variations from selection pressure of insecticides resulting into the development of resistance in the mosquitoes. The IGRs exhibited LC50 and LC90 in range of 0.002 to 0.016 ppm and 0.008 to 0.115 ppm, respectively. The IGRs yielded significant inhibition (79 to 99.5%) in adult emergence in the 3rd instars larvae of both Aedes and Culex spp. The IGRs were classified in terms of the tested parameters in order of Pyriproxyfen 1.0 WDG > Pyriproxyfen 0.5 WDG > Methoprene. In the field experiments, Pyriproxyfen 1.0 WDG @ 0.1g/m3 resulted in negligible adult emergence over a period of six months in water samples from different treated habitats. Crude plant extracts were tested for larvicidal activity against 3rd and 4th instars of Culex and Aedes spp. Parthenium showed lowest LC50 (0.849-1.543%), LC90 (1.875-2.882%) while Stevia extract the highest LC50 (2.086-2.889%), LC90 (5.836-8.533%) against the 3rd and 4th instar larvae of both the species after 24-48 hrs exposure periods. The larvicidal efficiency of plant extracts were ranked in order of Parthenium > Neem extract > Chrysanthemum > Neem oil > Stevia extract. The results of SIT experiments with Aedes albopictus revealed irradiation dose of 40-60 Gy as optimum for acceptable number of mating (7-8) of sterile males with wild female, negligible fecundity and subsequent hatching in no choice tests.