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Home > Politico-Economic Significance of Gwadar Port: Implications for Regional Integration

Politico-Economic Significance of Gwadar Port: Implications for Regional Integration

Thesis Info

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Author

Hussain, Sajid

Program

PhD

Institute

Hazara University

City

Mansehra

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Political science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9190/1/Sajid_Hussain_Political_Science_HSR_2018_HU_Mansehra_07.06.2018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724931178

Similar


“Whoever controls the Indian Ocean dominates Asia. This Ocean is key to the seven Seas in the twenty first century, the destiny of the world will be decided in these waters” stated US Rear Admiral Alferd Thayer Mahan. This indicates geo-strategic importance of Indian Ocean. Pakistan is located on the Indian Ocean which connects the landlocked Central Asian Republics with the Sea. Gwadar is a coastal town of Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan, which remained a part of Oman for more than 150 years i.e., 1784 to 1958. Later on, due to its significance, it was bought back by Pakistan with payment of £ 3 million. The city came under the limelight of Pakistan’s policy makers as 35 % of international oil is transporting near it. It was visualized as a hub port for the region when it became part of Pakistan, but financial and technical issues prevented the dream to be materialized. The project remained in papers until China promised to provide financial assistance. The former president of Pakistan Parvez Musharraf during his visit to China in May 2001, requested Chinese government to help in the project. On 22nd March 2002, the project was inaugurated by Pakistan’s president Musharraf and Chinese Prime Minister Wu Gang Guo. The port was then handed over to Port Singapore Authority on 6th February 2007 after its completion in 2006. Port Singapore Authority failed to upgrade the port on promised lines 18th February, 2013 the port was handed over to Chinese Overseas Port Holding Company (COPHC). The geography of the port has attracted the players because of which the situation worsened. The economic potential of the port is the key interest for these players. The port could also be used as naval base in time of exigencies. Situation of confusion would arise in case of converting of Gwadar port into a naval base either by China or USA. Overlapping of economic, political and strategic interests of the involved actors make the area very sensitive. Iran and India have their own plan of action in the region. There is another challenging confusion engineered by China and USA with the clash of their interest in the region that could be reduced or subsided by the frequent use of diplomatic channels. China and USA, under the paradigm of their policies, are promoting their interests in the region and there will be collaboration in future. Landlocked Central Asia and Afghanistan are depending on the port to marketise their resources. Conventional theory of integration defines regional integration as a trade creation and the port has the ability to create trade. Trade creation means shifting of local production with a high cost to member nations low cost products in a regional block. Generally, economic integration is the outcome of an evolutionary course of regional cooperation. European Union is the best example which became a political Union after completion of its economic integration. In order to bring regional countries on a single platform, different steps like free trade zones and tax relaxation are taken by the respective governments; these would be followed by steps like open border system common currency and extended people to people contacts in the region in future. CPEC is the best example of these steps. Iran, a strong competitor wants to be a part of the project. TAPI, IPI and TAP are the proposed projects which when materialized will bring integration to the regional countries. The port at Gwadar is located at the confluence of two main regions, the oil rich Central Asia and emerging consumer market South Asia. The port is located on a point which provides a strategic depth to Pakistan against her adversaries. The port has the ability to check Sea Lanes of Communication during war and peace. Due to geo-strategic importance of the port, all regional and extra-regional players have keen interest in it. Central Asia hopes to export its riches through it while United States of America with diverse demands wants to ensure its presence there. Each player has its own objectives with different approach to accomplish. Having tremendous importance, the port has become a flash-point and Pakistan has to reconsider the situation in terms of its priorities. Major objectives of the study are to expose economic and strategic importance of Gwadar port and to find out its impacts on regional integration. To achieve the mentioned objective, empirical, descriptive, analytical and predictive methodology is applied. The bulk of the study attained through the analysis of documents, books, electronic journals, and scholarly papers, including textual interpretation or ‘content analyses’ as well. Textual interpretation used to summarize, and identify the main properties of the text; and then evaluate the text. This research concludes that cooperation among the concerned states and peace in Afghanistan would bring economic integration in the region which would automatically be followed by political harmony among the regional countries. One important recommendation in this regard is that Pakistan has to formulate policies to avoid confrontation of major players and all the related players. Especially, the potential powers should accommodate each other’s interests in the larger interest of the region.
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دور اُن سے دہر کی ساری بلائیں ہو گئیں


دُور اُن سے دہر کی ساری بلائیں ہو گئیں
جن کی قسمت میں مدینے کی فضائیں ہو گئیں

ہم کو پہلے مل گئے رب کی عطا سے مصطفی ؐ
مصطفی ؐ کی ہم پہ پھر ساری عطائیں ہو گئیں

آمدِ محبوبِؐ ربِّ العالمیں کے فیض سے
فیض یابِ نعمتِ رب ساری مائیں ہو گئیں

عرش پر بھی بہرِ امت در گزر کی اِلتجا
فرش پر بھی ’’ربِّ ھب لی‘‘ کی دُعائیں ہو گئیں

سبطِ پیغمبر پہ جاں کچھ اس طرح قربان کی
حضرتِ عباسؓ پر قرباں وفائیں ہو گئیں

فاتحِ مکہ کا وہ اظہارِ امن و آشتی
محوِ حیرت امن کی سب فاختائیں ہو گئیں

آپؐ کا سجدئہ محشر کام آیا اُس گھڑی
پیشِ داور عاصیوں کی جب خطائیں ہو گیئں

گنگ لہجوں کی صدا آقاؐ عطا ہوں مدحتیں
مسکرا کے آپؐ نے فرمایا! ’’جائیں ہو گئیں‘‘

مَزرعِ ہستی پہ بارِش ہو گئی انوار کی
ظلمتیں مٹتی گئیں عرفاںؔ! ضیائیں ہو گئیں

Measuring Adaptive Expertise in Radiology Residents: A Multicenter Study

Introduction: Adaptive expertise is the ability of individuals to create innovative solutions when they come across novel problems or workplace challenges. Clinicians are often adept at handling routine clinical procedures but lack confidence and a proper strategy when previously un-encountered situations arise. Lots of research has been conducted on basic concepts and development of adaptive expertise however major chunk of literature belongs to non- medical fields. Little is studied about assessment of adaptive expertise in medical professionals and postgraduate residents. Objective: To measure adaptive expertise (AE) of radiology residents and to assess any association between the AE of postgraduate radiology residents (PGR) and their years of training. Methods: This multicenter correlational study involved 181 radiology residents from nine major teaching hospital of Lahore, Pakistan from May to October 2019. Katerina Bohle Carbonell Adaptive Expertise Inventory was used as a data collection tool. The questionnaire contained a total of eleven items encompassing two dimensions of AE: domain-specific and innovative skills. Total scores representing AE of PGRs were measured. AE scores and years of training were correlated using Spearman rho correlation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to further evaluate the association between AE and years of postgraduate training. Results: Out of 181 residents there were 78 (43.1%) males and 103 (56.9%) females. Most of them, 97 (53.6%) were enrolled in four years fellowship (FCPS) program and 62 (34.3%) were in the first year of their residency. Total AE scores of all radiology residents ranged from 33 to 54. AE scores and years of residency were positively correlated (rs= 0.4, p < 0.01). One-way ANOVA and Post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test further revealed significant pairwise differences between mean scores of residents’ groups (p = < 0.05) rejecting the null hypothesis. Conclusion: Overall, this study concludes that residents acquire adaptive expertise perpetually with progression in their training. KEYWORDS: Adaptive Expertise (AE), Radiology, Postgraduate Residents (PGRs)

Comparative Efficacy of Single and Multi-Strain Bacterial Inculation for Improving Growth and Yield of Wheat under Salinity Stress

Soil salinity is one of the worst consequences of global climate change, which is declining the world agriculture production. Pakistan is more vulnerable to climate variability where increasing soil salinity and drought are alarming for agriculture produce. Researchers are devoting attention for the use of microbial strategies to improve plant tolerance against abiotic stresses under extreme environment because of their ecological benefits. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) induce salinity tolerance in plants with their multiple mechanisms. Despite the fact that bacterial inoculation improves the plant growth but their field application is limited due to inconsistency of results and some environmental constraints. However, efficiency of bacterial inocula for plant growth promotion may be increased under field conditions by employing bacterial consortia instead of using single strain inoculation. Therefore, present study was conducted to evaluate comparative effectiveness of single, dual and triple strain inoculation of salt tolerant PGPR for improving growth and yield of wheat under salt affected conditions. Twenty five rhizobacteria having 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and were tested for their salt tolerance as well as plant growth promotion potential under gnotobiotic conditions. Out of 25 rhizobacterial isolates, 7 isolates were statistically significant for improving growth of wheat under saline conditions. These 7 salt tolerant PGPR were tested for their compatibility of growth and synergism with each other. Out of 7, only 3 isolate found synergistic and showed abilities to coexist. On the basis of rrs (16S rRNA) gene sequencing, these 3 PGPR were identified as Bacillus cereus strain Y5, Bacillus sp. Y14 and Bacillus subtilis strain Y16. Selected PGPR strains showed variable ACC-deaminase activity, P-solubilization, exopolysaccharides production, biofilm formation and auxins biosynthesis, when used alone as well as in their dual and multi-strain combination for different plant growth promoting activities under normal and salt stress conditions. Growth pouch experiment under axenic conditions was conducted to evaluate selected PGPR for inducing salinity tolerance in wheat as single and multi-strain inoculation. In growth pouch assay, multi-strain inoculation increased the total dry weight of wheat up to 28, 54, 59 and 56% at 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM of NaCl salinity levels, respectively, as compared to respective un-inoculated control at same level of salinity. Furthermore, pot and field experiments were conducted in salt affected soils to confirm the consistency of results for plant growth promotion by selected PGPR alone as well as in their possible combinations. In pot experiment, maximum increases in number of tillers were observed with multi-stain inoculation which were up to 54 and 80% more as compared to respective un-inoculated control at 10 and 15 dS m-1 salinity levels, respectively. Multi-strain inoculation also increased the grain yield by 18, 20, 42 and 62 at 1.42 (original), 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 salinity levels, respectively, as compared to respective un-inoculated control. Further, single and multi-strain inoculations showed positive effect on all growth and physiological attributes of wheat under salt affected field conditions. However, the response of single, dual and triple strain inoculation treatments was highly variable at selected four sites. Maximum increases in grain yield of wheat at field-I, field-II, field-III and field-IV were up to 17, 17, 23 and 26%, respectively, over un-inoculated control by multi-strain inoculation of Y5*Y14*Y16. It might be concluded from this study that multi-strain inoculation with PGPR containing ACC-deaminase could be very promising option for inducing salinity tolerance in wheat, most probably due to better root growth in salinity stress which might be attributed to elimination of root inhibiting factor like production of stress induced ethylene.