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Politico-Economic Significance of Gwadar Port: Implications for Regional Integration

Thesis Info

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Author

Hussain, Sajid

Program

PhD

Institute

Hazara University

City

Mansehra

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Political science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9190/1/Sajid_Hussain_Political_Science_HSR_2018_HU_Mansehra_07.06.2018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724931178

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“Whoever controls the Indian Ocean dominates Asia. This Ocean is key to the seven Seas in the twenty first century, the destiny of the world will be decided in these waters” stated US Rear Admiral Alferd Thayer Mahan. This indicates geo-strategic importance of Indian Ocean. Pakistan is located on the Indian Ocean which connects the landlocked Central Asian Republics with the Sea. Gwadar is a coastal town of Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan, which remained a part of Oman for more than 150 years i.e., 1784 to 1958. Later on, due to its significance, it was bought back by Pakistan with payment of £ 3 million. The city came under the limelight of Pakistan’s policy makers as 35 % of international oil is transporting near it. It was visualized as a hub port for the region when it became part of Pakistan, but financial and technical issues prevented the dream to be materialized. The project remained in papers until China promised to provide financial assistance. The former president of Pakistan Parvez Musharraf during his visit to China in May 2001, requested Chinese government to help in the project. On 22nd March 2002, the project was inaugurated by Pakistan’s president Musharraf and Chinese Prime Minister Wu Gang Guo. The port was then handed over to Port Singapore Authority on 6th February 2007 after its completion in 2006. Port Singapore Authority failed to upgrade the port on promised lines 18th February, 2013 the port was handed over to Chinese Overseas Port Holding Company (COPHC). The geography of the port has attracted the players because of which the situation worsened. The economic potential of the port is the key interest for these players. The port could also be used as naval base in time of exigencies. Situation of confusion would arise in case of converting of Gwadar port into a naval base either by China or USA. Overlapping of economic, political and strategic interests of the involved actors make the area very sensitive. Iran and India have their own plan of action in the region. There is another challenging confusion engineered by China and USA with the clash of their interest in the region that could be reduced or subsided by the frequent use of diplomatic channels. China and USA, under the paradigm of their policies, are promoting their interests in the region and there will be collaboration in future. Landlocked Central Asia and Afghanistan are depending on the port to marketise their resources. Conventional theory of integration defines regional integration as a trade creation and the port has the ability to create trade. Trade creation means shifting of local production with a high cost to member nations low cost products in a regional block. Generally, economic integration is the outcome of an evolutionary course of regional cooperation. European Union is the best example which became a political Union after completion of its economic integration. In order to bring regional countries on a single platform, different steps like free trade zones and tax relaxation are taken by the respective governments; these would be followed by steps like open border system common currency and extended people to people contacts in the region in future. CPEC is the best example of these steps. Iran, a strong competitor wants to be a part of the project. TAPI, IPI and TAP are the proposed projects which when materialized will bring integration to the regional countries. The port at Gwadar is located at the confluence of two main regions, the oil rich Central Asia and emerging consumer market South Asia. The port is located on a point which provides a strategic depth to Pakistan against her adversaries. The port has the ability to check Sea Lanes of Communication during war and peace. Due to geo-strategic importance of the port, all regional and extra-regional players have keen interest in it. Central Asia hopes to export its riches through it while United States of America with diverse demands wants to ensure its presence there. Each player has its own objectives with different approach to accomplish. Having tremendous importance, the port has become a flash-point and Pakistan has to reconsider the situation in terms of its priorities. Major objectives of the study are to expose economic and strategic importance of Gwadar port and to find out its impacts on regional integration. To achieve the mentioned objective, empirical, descriptive, analytical and predictive methodology is applied. The bulk of the study attained through the analysis of documents, books, electronic journals, and scholarly papers, including textual interpretation or ‘content analyses’ as well. Textual interpretation used to summarize, and identify the main properties of the text; and then evaluate the text. This research concludes that cooperation among the concerned states and peace in Afghanistan would bring economic integration in the region which would automatically be followed by political harmony among the regional countries. One important recommendation in this regard is that Pakistan has to formulate policies to avoid confrontation of major players and all the related players. Especially, the potential powers should accommodate each other’s interests in the larger interest of the region.
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پاپائے رومہ بنڈکٹ پانزدہم

پاپائے رومہ ، بنڈکٹ پانز دہم

            آغاز سال رواں میں پاپائے رومہ، بنڈکٹ پانز دہم نے انتقال فرمایا، ان سطروں کے شائع ہونے تک ان کے جانشین کا بھی انتخاب ہوچکا ہوگا، جس وقت سے پاپائیت کا باضابطہ عہدہ قائم ہوا ہے، صدہا افراد اس منصب پر مامور رہ چکے ہیں، بلکہ اگر ابتدائی عیسوی صدیوں کے بشپ صاحبوں کو بھی اس فہرست میں شامل سمجھا جائے تو شاید شمار سیکڑوں سے متجاور ہوجائے، سوال صرف اس قدر ہے کہ اس طویل و عظیم فہرست میں کسی غیر یورپی شخص کا بھی نام تلاش کرنے سے مل سکتا ہے؟ مسیحیت کے حدود تو ماشاء اﷲ ایشیاء، افریقہ کے گوشہ گوشہ تک وسیع ہوچکے ہیں اور ان ممالک میں کروڑوں باشندہ ’’ابن اﷲ‘‘ کے کلمہ گو موجود ہیں، پھر کیا اب تک ان بے شمار نفوس میں ایک شخص بھی یورپی مسیحیوں کی ہم سطح وہم پلہ نہیں پیدا ہوسکا ہے؟

(سید سليمان ندوی، فروری ۱۹۲۲ء)

 

Components of Valid Interrogation Techniques under Islamic Law

Valid interrogation of the accused is an art or skill in today’s modern world. The law and techniques of interrogation varies in the developed and developing world. Similarly, the Islamic law is not silent about the techniques of valid interrogation. There are specific rules and procedures for the interrogation of an accused either a criminal, an enemy, a spy or a war prisoner. This paper gives a detailed analysis about the principles and procedures of a valid interrogation process in Islam and its computability with the International Human Rights standards of interrogations. The paper argue that understanding the psychic-analytical niceties of interrogation helps an investigator to reach the truth. The paper finds that Islamic law gives full protection and safeguard to the rights of persons under custody and restrict the authorities to follow free and fair interrogation for ensuring justice. In this regard Islam presents a balanced view of the rights of the persons under custody and the executives exercise of legitimate force for interrogation. Islam strongly forbids torture and other inhuman ways of interrogation.

اصول فقھ میں مسالک فقپیھ کے مشترکات: تقابلی جائز ھ ادلھ اجتہاد کے تناظر میں

The purpose of this study is to investigate how different Islamic schools of thought interpret and derive basic principles in Islamic jurisprudence. It is believed that the Muslims set the principles of Islamic jurisprudence soon after the demise of the Prophet (s.a.w.w) of Islam. This branch of knowledge is actually a superb fusion of reasoning and imitation. It is the study of the arguments through which Islamic Sharia is interpreted and Islamic legislation is achieved. Most often, the debates involve doctrinal arguments, and all the existing Islamic schools of thought agree on the basic principles through which certain laws are derived from those debates. All the Islamic schools of thought agree that Qur’an is the final authority, and it is the Qur’an that provides the initial argument whenever some issue arises. Thus the Qur’an is the first and foremost source to provide an answer to any issue. However, the Hambli scholars ascribe authority to the Qura’an and the Sunnah, without making a clear distinction in order or rank between the two. The Sunnah is the second source for deriving doctrinal principles. All Islamic schools of thought agree that the Sunnah is an important and basic source for deriving the Sharia principles. The Sharia can be divided into two kinds: the first deals with the steady and gradual reporting which, according to every school of thought, adds to argumentative knowledge, and hence stands for authority in Islamic jurisprudence. The second kind involves personal reporting which depends on personal character for determining its truth-value. However, every school of thought takes it as authority once its truth-value is verified. For Hanfi school of thought, certain other conditions besides personal character are required in order to accept the personal reporting. The third most important source for deriving principles in Islamic jurisprudence is the community consensus. Every school of thought accepts the authority of the general consensus. Although most of the schools of thought agree on the authority of absolute consensus, the Malkis also take community consensus as an authority, i.e., if the community in Madina arrive at a consensus on some issue, it would be accepted as the authority. On the other hand, according to the Ja’fri school of thought, every consensus has attained authority with a ma’soom’s opinion in its favor. For the majority Ummah, reasoning is also regarded as authority for the derivation of the Sharia principles. According to Imam Ibne Hazam, logical reasoning is possible, but it is not recognized by the Sharia. On the other hand, the Ja’fri school of thought accepts the authority of both the mansoosul-illat reasoning and the awaliyat reasoning. As for the authority of istashab, all the Muslim states accept and set it as a precedence to implement the state laws. The Hanfis believe that only an accepted right can be explored and verified through istashab, and not a new one. All these are the basic principles that serve as authority in the Islamic jurisprudence. Every Islamic school of thought employs them for the interpretation and implementation of the Sharia. Assessment is an integral part of the education system everywhere in the world whereas education in Pakistan is provincial subject according to the constitution. There are certain organizations responsible for the assessment of the student's achievement like Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) and National testing Service in Pakistan (NTS). The comparative study of these organizations was carried out keeping in view the different objectives as: a.) To analyze the evaluation system of Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education and National Testing Service with reference to content validity. b.) To evaluate the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education and National Testing Service with reference to construct validity. c.) To determine the relevance with reference to chronology and psychological considerations. d.) To analyze the subjective type of evaluation. e.) To analyze the objective type of evaluation. f.) To evaluate the efficiency in the area of control and conduct. g.) To analyze the system of the practical examination. h.) To explore the area feedback and research. Two questionnaires were prepared using the techniques of comparative assessment and both the systems were assessed through the respondents with same criterion applied at the same time. The sample of 500 students was randomly selected with 100 teachers from BISE Rawalpindi. All the students who appeared in NTS and Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Examination at the F-Sc level constituted the population of the study with teachers of the respective area. The findings gave a clear insight about the efficiency and the areas of improvements in the systems. NTS was responded as more reliable system as compare to Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education with considerable improvements necessary for the future.