Present study intended to explore the positive and negative outcomes of procrastination among Pakistani adolescents. Procrastination has generally been viewed in negative connotations but in this study researcher followed Chu and Choi’s (2005) perspective of procrastination; active vs. passive to see if there is any positive type of procrastination and does it also exist in our cultural setting. To meet this objective, the study was carried out in three parts. Part I was completed in three phases; try out; translation, adaptation, and cross language validation; and determining psychometric properties of New Active Procrastination Scale and Passive Procrastination Scale. The results of part I indicated sound alpha reliability coefficients of the scales. In part II (i.e., pilot study) psychometric properties of all the measures likely to be used in main study were determined and correlation coefficients among study variables were also computed to have an insight into the nature of relationship among variables. As the ultimate objective of the study was to explore the phenomenon of procrastination indigenously that will add valuable findings for researchers and counselors in helping adolescents to curb procrastination tendencies so in part III (i.e., main study) data was collected in two phases. In Phase I(N =201), online mode of data collection was adopted to establish psychometric properties of procrastination measures and expand the implications of the study for online population. As today is an age of globalization and advancement in technology. Results revealed sufficient alpha coefficient of scales and revealed significant main effect of procrastination x types in level of depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction of nonprocrastinators, active procrastinators and passive procrastinators. Phase II of main study was conducted on a larger sample (N = 500) to test the formulated hypotheses. Findings indicated sound reliability of all the measures and confirmed the four factor structure of NAPS. Significant main effect of procrastination type was observed in differences regarding time management behavior, coping strategies, self-efficacy, personality traits, depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, procrastination as a problem and academic achievement. Results revealed significant gender, grade, and academic level-wise differences in active and passive procrastination but with reference to age groups this difference was significant only on active procrastination. Moreover significant gender difference in time management, self-efficacy, emotion-focused coping, personality traits of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and in level of anxiety, stress, life satisfaction and procrastination a problem were also noted. Findings also revealed grade wise difference in time management and life satisfaction of adolescents. Multiple Logistic Regression analysis revealed emotion-focused coping, self-efficacy, emotional stability, intellect/openness to experience and conscientiousness as significant predictors of active and passive procrastination. As regards to outcome variables category of procrastinators significantly predicted the respondents’ level of depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction and his/her perception of procrastination being problematic for him. Practical implications of the study are highlighted for teachers, counselors, psychologists and practitioners while dealing with adolescent procrastinators. Future recommendation and limitations of the study have also been discussed.
ہو گیا گر کام پھر دشوار تو ہم تو جی لیں گے اکیلے ہی مگر ہم تو کر لیں گے سرِ تسلیم خم سب اشارے ہیں ہماری ہی طرف ہار مانیں گے نہ دشمن سے کبھی چھُوٹ کر زنداں سے آ ہی جائیں گے امن کا امکان کیا ہے وارثی آپ ہی ٹھہرے جو ذمہ دار تو تیرا جینا ہو گیا دشوار تو ان کی جانب سے ہوا انکار تو فیصلہ الٹا ہوا سرکار تو دوستوں نے کر دیا گر وار تو لے گئے اپنے ہی سوئے دار تو فیصلے کرنے لگے تلوار تو
The paper discusses in detail different ways how Islamand democracy can be reconciled and highlights the importance of democratic values for Muslim dominated societies, which is the need of modern times. It also discusses how Islam which stands for global peace and security and bound Muslims to be more responsible regarding the implementation of justice, peace and to stand for the fundamental humanitarian values which go in parallel with the concept of democratic principles. The paper also converses, the scenario in which the beautiful religion for entire humanity has been attempted to be hijacked by a radical mindset whichprevailed in every civilization ever existed.
Indeed, the lack of successful and effective leadership style of secondary school principals in the province of Sindh, particularly in Karachi has resulted poor performance and low students achievement. Therefore, the basic purpose of the study was to examine the leadership styles of the principals in secondary schools of Karachi. The scope of the study was limited to all the secondary schools of Karachi. Seven hypotheses were formulated for the study. Among these, six hypotheses were based on the demographic variables consisted on sex, status of schools, professional qualification, experience, age and marital status. The seventh hypothesis was related to item-by item analysis of the questionnaire on the thirty dimensions of the leadership styles. The population of the study was large and diverse, thus stratified random sampling was used. The total sample size consisted of 300 teachers and 100 principals from 100 schools. Two research instruments, a self-made questionnaire of 30 items and an interview protocol of 4 broad questions were used. In views of the principals, only one hypothesis out of six was rejected and five were upheld. It was concluded, (2) that private secondary school principals were more significant in the effectiveness of school organization than the government school principals. Though, in hypothesis number (1), (3), (4), (5) and (6), no significant differences were found between the leadership styles of male and female, trained and untrained, experienced and less experienced, younger and older, and married and unmarried secondary school principals in the effectiveness of school organization. In views of the teachers, four hypotheses out of six were rejected and two were upheld. It was concluded that in hypothesis number (1), it was found that the leadership styles of female secondary school principals were more superior to male principals in the effectiveness of school organization, (2) private secondary school principals were more superior to government secondary school principals, (3) trained secondary school principals were more superior to untrained secondary school principals and (5) younger secondary school principals were more superior to older secondary school principals in the effectiveness of school organization. Though, in hypothesis number (4) and (6), no significant difference was found between the leadership styles of experienced and less experienced and married and unmarried secondary school principals in the effectiveness of school organization. The collected data was analyzed through the ‘t’ test and ‘chi square’. In the light of the findings, several solid recommendations were made.