Democratic Attitude of Youth Evidence from Pakistan

Since the Arab spring, youth have been politically active in Asia through various modes. Regime revolution or failed takeover on 15 July 2016, in Turkey is its vibrant example. However, it’s unfortunate that the political perception, intention or attitude of youth towards democracy have not been included in the process of policy making. As a result, youth activism in politics remained unrecognized. Therefore, present work is an effort to explore democratic attitude of youth in Pakistan. The state of Pakistan has been selected because 64 % of her population comprises youth. Current study examines democratic attitude through four major independent variables: economic growth, democratic values, public participation and political stability. Data was collected from the respondents who were in between 18-35 years of age by distributing a survey questionnaire which was adopted from the literature. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 24.0. Result of the study suggests that all the developed hypotheses were accepted. Additionally, study finds that despite massive corruption, social injustice, favoritism, nepotism, political instability, economic crisis and many other problems, Pakistani youth overwhelmingly considers democracy, as the potential form of government and dislike any alternative of it. Current study may be the first stone in the stagnant water not only in measuring democratic attitude of young generation but it will also help them to understand what sort of democracy is needed in Pakistan.

Standard Bases and Primary Decomposition in Polynomial Ring With Coefficients in Rings

The theory of standard bases in polynomial rings with coefficients in a ring A with respect to local orderings is developed. A is a commutative Noetherian ring with 1 and we assume that linear equations are solvable in A. Then the generalization of Faug ́ere F4-algorithm for polynomial rings with coefficients in Euclidean rings is given. This algorithm computes successively a Gr ̈obner basis replacing the reduction of one single s-polynomial in Buchberger’s algorithm by the simultaneous reduction of several polynomials. And finally we present an algorithm to compute a primary decomposition of an ideal in a polynomial ring over the integers. For this purpose we use algorithms for primary decomposition in polynomial rings over the rationals resp. over finite fields, and the idea of Shimoyama–Yokoyama resp. Eisenbud–Hunecke–Vasconcelos to extract primary ideals from pseudo-primary ideals. A parallelized version of the algorithm is implemented in Singular.