The purpose of this research is to analyze the increasing trends of rural poverty in Sindh province of Pakistan..The related material was collected from the various government publications as well as household survey through primary method (survey Method). Two districts of Sindh province of Pakistan namely Thatta and Khairpur were surveyed on random sampling. From each district, 150 respondents were selected. In this way, 300 growers, possessed their own land, were interviewed personally from both districts. While analyzing the data, the Ereelawn model: C=a+b In, was used to determine poverty in rural Sindh. Keeping in view the official poverty line of Rs. 875.64 per adult monthly to meet 2350 calorie as recommended by the Planning Commission in the year 2004-05. The data were classified into three groups i.e. group A, B below subsistence holding and group C subsistence and above subsistence holding in both districts. Due to shortage of irrigation water, group A cultivated land of 341.25 acres out of 540 acres, group B brought land under cultivation of 373.75 acres out of 575 acres and group C cultivated 414 acres out of 690 acres in district Thatta. Similarly group A cultivated 358.4 acres out of total 560 acres, group B cultivated land 380.8 acres out of total 595, acres and group C brought under cultivation 435 acres out of total 725 acres in district Khairpur. The output of their farms decreased which affected the income of growers. The average monthly income of each grower group A stood Rs. 3,089.7 against the monthly expenditure Rs. 4453.88. Similarly, the average monthly income of each grower of group B was Rs. 5,651 and the expenditure was made Rs. 5,453.88. This group in just above the poverty line. The average income of each grower of C was Rs. 12,599.4 and the expenditure was Rs. 7,453.88. This group proves to be in better positionIII The average monthly income of each grower of group A in district Khairpur was Rs. 3,295.29 and the expenditure was made Rs. 4653.88 which indicated below poverty line. The average income of each grower of group B stood Rs. 5818.48 and Rs. 5,753.88 were spent by each grower of that group, which was just above the poverty line. The average income of each grower of group C was Rs. 13,412.5 as compared to expenditure Rs. 8,053.88 monthly. This group is in better position because of the large size of the farms. It is analyzed from the study that 50% population of rural Sindh is below poverty line, 33.33% population on just above the poverty line and 16.67% of population is in better position to provide facilities to their family members. The poverty can be reduced in rural Sindh by increasing the output of the agricultural sector. by timely irrigation for agricultural growth. In this regard, the appropriate government macro policies are essential for providing the actual share of irrigation to the growers of Sindh as per Water Accord 1991.
جس معاشرے میں رشوت ستانی اور ناجائز سفارش کا بازار گرم ہو ، اس معاشرے میں قوانین پر عمل کرنا بہت دشورار ہوجاتا ہے ۔ رشوت ستانی کی بنیاد پر بڑے سیاسی وسماجی لوگوں اور ان سے وابستہ افراد پر ایف آئی آر کا اندراج بھی مشکل ہو جاتا ہے۔پاکستان کے ہر قومی ادارے میں اس وقت رشوت ستانی عام ہے اور کسی بھی ادارے کے ملازمین اس کے بغیر کام کرنا گناہ سمجھتے ہیں ۔ اسی طرح جب عام قوانین پر رشوت کی بدولت عمل درآمد مشکل ہوتو پھر قوانین حدود وقصاص کے نفاذ میں تاخیر اور رکاوٹیں توخاص طور پر ضرورپیدا ہوں گی اور کی جاتی رہیں گی۔
The Islamic state has certain rules for taxes to generate income, which need to be followed within Islamic premises. In Islam, Kharāj is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its product. At that time, kharaj was synonymous with jizyah, which later emerged as a per head tax paid by the dhimmis with complete ownership of all resources. Khums means " onefifth or 20%". In Islamic legal terminology, it means one-fifth of certain items that a person acquires as wealth must be paid to the Islamic State. This study is focused on the financial system of an Islamic state, its taxation and revenues.
Rice is the most significant crop in Pakistan. Its export brings main foreign exchange, generates employment for rural people and is the main food crop in the country. Unfortunately, its cultivated area and production is dwindling day by day due to technical inefficiency and lacking in built capacity of farmers. As public and private agricultural extension organizations are working to build capacity of farmers in the Punjab so this study focused on comparative effectiveness of public and private extension services in capacity building of rice growers in the Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted in the district Gujranwala, being the largest rice producing district in the Punjab province. There were six specific objectives outlined for the study: 1) to identify the demographic characteristics of the respondents; 2) to assess the knowledge level of the respondents; 3) to examine the contribution of public and private sectors in increasing the knowhow and skills of the respondents; 4) to determine the effectiveness of extension methods used by public and private organizations; 5) to ascertain the level of satisfaction of rice growers with public and private sectors; and 6) after gaining information about all these objectives develop an extension strategy for effective extension work in the Punjab. The research population was consisted of rice growers, served by both public and by private extension organizations. The sample of 342 out of 2,365 rice growers was selected by using Table developed by Fitz-Gibbon and Morris (1987). An interview schedule was developed and used as research instrument for quantitative assessment. To gauge the 19 quality of extension work in the area, focus group discussions (FGDs) and personal observation methods were employed. A suitable Likert Scale was used to compare performance of public and private. The data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences 24 (SPSS). It was found that about twenty-nine percent (28.7%) respondents were older than 50 years of age and a big number (46%) of rice growers had primary level education or less. About thirty six percent (35.9%) of the rice growers were smallholder farmers (5 acres or 2 hectares of land). One-fourth (25%) of the respondents were not aware about recommended nursery raising practices. It was also found that increase in technical knowhow and skills by public sector regarding nursery raising appeared leading area with mean value of 3.29 followed by sowing time (3.28), plant spacing (3.22) and harvesting (3.03) heading towards medium. Increase in technical knowhow and skills by private sector in nursery raising was also ranked 1st with mean value of 3.29 followed by irrigation scheduling (3.26), weeds/insect-pest/disease management (3.18), and maintenance of plant population (3.12) were ranked 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. Regarding use of extension methods, result demonstration used by public sector appeared the most effective extension method with mean value of 2.78 followed by farm & home visit (2.64), group discussions (2.49) and farmer days (2.39) which were ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Private sector was leading in use of farmer days with mean value of 3.16 followed by lecture (2.86) and method demonstration (2.71) which was ranked 2nd and 3rd heading towards medium. The growers were highly satisfied with public sector regarding use of various extension methods (3.71), follow up visits (3.37) and farmer-extension linkage (3.25) while with private sector regarding provision of training facilities was ranked 1st with mean value of 3.65 followed by farmer-extension linkage (3.46) and follow up visits (3.35). It was concluded that generally, the growers were old; less educated; smallholder growers; unaware about latest varieties as well as about recommended production technologies. The contribution of public and private sector is better in specific areas. For example, public sector is doing better in crop management; and private sector in plant protection. The last but not the least, farmers were very less satisfied with public and private sector.