Research trials were conducted at Agricultural Research Institute, Mingora Swat over two consecutive growing seasons from November to June 2013-14 and 2014-15. In the first trial seedlings of 45, 60 and 75 days old were transplanted on 5 different dates (30th November, 15th December, 30th December, 15th January and 30th January) to study its effect on premature bolting in onion. Transplanting dates and seedling age exerted significant effect on different growth and yield parameters studied. Plant height, number of leaves at bolting, stem thickness, days to maturity, bulb diameter, bulb weight and total yield (ton ha-1) decreased with delay in transplanting as well as with increasing seedling age. On the other hand, bolting and cull percentage decreased with delay in transplanting and increased with increase in seedling age. Maximum marketable yield (ton ha-1) was recorded when 60 days old seedlings were transplanted on 15th December. The correlation co-efficient analysis data revealed a positive correlation between marketable yield (0.671 ton/ha) and bulb diameter (0.381). Non- significant positive correlations of marketable yield were recorded with bulb weight (0.173), number of leaves at bolting (0.097), stem thickness (0.091) and plant height (0.106). The association of marketable yield with bolting percentage (-0.381) and % cull (-0.552) was significantly negative. In the second trial three commercial cultivars ‘Swat-1’, ‘Saryab Red’ and ‘Chiltan-89’ were transplanted on five different dates at 15 days interval (25th November, 10th December, 25th December, 10th January and 25th January). Cultivars varied in their susceptibility to bolting. Cultivar Swat-1 took significantly maximum (78.67 days) to bolting initiation and recorded minimum bolting percentage (12.51%) compared to ‘Saryab Red’(13.75%) and ‘Chiltan-89’ (17.32%). Early transplanting took less (108.06 days) to bolting initiation. Bolting percentage was maximum (34.52%) at early transplanting and reduced with delay in transplanting from 25th November to 25th December. Bolting was not recorded at late, (10th and 25th January) transplanting irrespective of the cultivar. When compared to ‘Saryab Red’ and ‘Chiltan-89’, ‘Swat-1’ had maximum plant height (65.58 cm), number of leaves per plant (10.64), stem thickness (15.43mm), bulb diameter (60.08 cm), bulb weight (169.08 g), and days to maturity (168.37), total (32.94 vii ton ha-1 ) and marketable yield (25.07 ton ha-1 ). Plant height (61.24cm), number of leaves per plant (10.96), stem thickness (17.24 cm), bulb diameter (63.08 cm), bulb weight (149.31g), and days to maturity (167.89), total yield (31.07 ton ha-1) was maximum at early transplanting and decreased with delay in transplanting. Cultivar Swat-1 produced maximum marketable yield (25.07 ton ha-1) than ‘Saryab Red’ and ‘Chiltan-89’. Marketable yield was maximum at mid transplanting date (25th December); attributed to less bolting and percent cull compared to early transplanting. Unmarketable yield at early transplanting was largely due to bolting while at late transplanting it was due to small ungraded bulbs. In the third trial different rates of nitrogen fertilizer (75, 100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1) were applied at different transplanting dates (15th Nov, 1st Dec, 15th Dec, 1st Jan and 15th Jan) with the objective to determine its influence on inflorescence development in onion bulb crop. Bolting percentage decreased gradually with increase in the rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Maximum bolting percentage was recorded in early transplanting and declined with delay in transplanting. Bolting incidence did not occurre in very late (15th January) transplanting irrespective of the rate of nitrogen applied. Plant height, stem thickness, bulb diameter, bulb weight and total yield ton ha-1 increased with increase in nitrogen fertilizer and conversely showed a downward trend with delay in transplanting. Different rates of nitrogen fertilizer didn’t significantly influence number of leaves plant-1. However, early transplanting exhibited significantly more leaves than late transplanting. Early transplanting took maximum 175.88 days to maturity than late transplanting (163.75) days. Maturity was delayed with increase in nitrogen fertilizer. Percent cull decreased with increase in the rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Marketable yield ton ha-1 was maximum at mid transplanting date (15th December) and with maximum rate of nitrogen fertilizer. The correlation co-efficient analysis revealed that marketable yield ton ha-1 has positive correlation with plant height, number of leaves plant-1, bulb diameter, bulb weight, total yield ton ha-1 and negative correlation with stem thickness bolting percentage and percent cull. Bolting percentage has positive association with percent cull. It can be concluded that bolting resistant cultivar is not available in this country, however, ‘Swat-1’ performed best in the existing cultivars. Research should be initiated to develop bolting resistant cultivars or produce resistance in available cultivars through phenotypic recurrent selection. Modification in cultural practices remained the viable option for the growers to mitigate bolting problem. Transplanting should be delayed in such a way to avoid plants receiving cold temperature at sensitive stage to minimize bolting. Correct transplant age (50-60 days) and ample nitrogen fertilizer of 125-150 Kg ha-1 also reduced the incidence of bolting
From the very first day, the scholars of the Ummah, Particularly from the time of Imm Shf movements of Islamic thought originated, which affected not only the Arabic world but the whole Islamic world. There had been movements of severe revenge and bloodshed and a lot of people were killed. Imm Nawras is one of those unique people who served the Islamic thought from such dangerous storms. Day and night he made selfless efforts. He criticized the falsehood and injustice. The period of Imm Nawras was plagued with severe gales of argumentations. This became the cause of Invitational, reformative and renewing movement of Imm Nawras. It faced the western and European attacks which appeared after Industrial and ideological revolutions of Europe. Before starting the movement, he did deep study of current affairs, Islamic thought and history. He studied the reasons due to which chaos of Islamic thought began. It was necessary to study all the situations and to fight with the contemporary Atheistic thought and wipe out its effects. So this article discusses intellectual contributions of Imm Nawras. He is great in handling the critical situation, and his conservative positive criticism is excellent. He is one of those luckiest persons who survived and got a chance to serve humanity. He was unique in handling intellectual issues away from dialectical demagoguery. Imm Nawras really worked great for Islam. His principles regarding intellectual positive criticism, his philosophical thoughts, his criticism on mystic issues are presented here in this article. It is important to study and analyze Nawras ’s amazing ability and his critical positive approach and treatment of constructive issues away from the ego.
Thermal pressure alters the normal body homeostasis and cause rigorous injurious sound effects
on production of cattles. Dairy cattles are extra responsive to high temperature as they spawn
further energy expanded rate and this matter grasp particular consideration when the entire
picture of inclusive warm up is measured around the globe. Heat fright proteins are ever-present,
highly conserved proteins that cooperate a significant task in cell endurance through unusual
stresses. The present study was undertaken to assess peculiar relevance of HSP70 gene with heat
tolerance ability in Red Sindhi (Bos indicus), tropically evolved breed of Pakistan. The
aspiration of this study was to explore and portray the heat shock proteins gene diversity in
coding region of Red Sindhi cattle to understand their thermotolerance under hot conditions
using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The complete coding region of HSP70 is 1926bp long
without any intron, programming a protein of 641 amino acids located on chromosome No.23,
with predicted molecular weight (Mw) of 70,190.56 kDa. The functional parts of HSP70 protein
consist of an amino-terminal or N-terminal 44kDa ATPase domain (amino acid residues 1-386),
18kDa domain is peptide binding (a.a 384-543) and highly conserved 10kDa Carboxyl or
C-terminal domain (residues 542-640) in all eukaryotes. The phylogenetic examination of
mammalian HSP70 gene indicated that Red sindhi has showed (99.79 to 99.48%) homology
with Bos taurus, Bubalus bubalus and Capra hircus while least similar relationship was
observed with Canis lupus that was 86.34%. The results express that nucleotide as well as
deduced amino acid order was greatly preserved. Comparative sequence analysis of Red sindhi
HSP70 gene revealed a total of 14 single nucleotide polymorphic sites, of these 5 were
non-synonymous (C14T, G970T, C1469T, A1535T, G1560T) caused change in amino acid
sequence while 9 were synonymous. In non-synonymous SNPs the 1
one was reported and four
novel type. These 9 mutations caused no change in amino acid. 8 out of 14 were transition type
in which purines were replaced by just purines and pyrimidines replaced by other pyrimidines. 6
types were transversion mutations in which purines replaced by pyrimidines and vice versa. At
protein level, Red sindhi HSP70 gene has showed total 5 amino acid changes and two of five are
in N-terminal domain (M5T, A324S), remaining are in peptide binding domain (A490V,K512M,
Q520H). Probably damaging functional impact of amino acid change is seen in two of expressed
SNPs. These transformations can be worn as molecular genetics pointer to aid assortment for
anti-heat stress cattles. The findings of this study revealed that detected polymorphisms may be
associated with ability of bovine to adapt with tropical and harsh climatic conditions but
additional exploitation still required to draw the ending about molecular roots of thermotolerant
cattles.