We are living in a scientific age. The battlefields of today are not in the planes and deserts but in the educational institutions. Pakistan is a developing country. Advancement in the field of science and technology is the only alternative, which can embark upon an era of economic as well as social development. This advancement requires revolutionary improvement in the field of science education at all levels. Keeping in mind the importance of science education, the present research study was undertaken. The objectives of the study were: a) to find the facilities available in the school laboratory for science education at secondary level in the sample institutions. b) To identify the problems in science education program at the secondary level in the sample institutions c) to identify the shortcomings in the pre-service training of science teachers of secondary level. The study was descriptive in nature and survey type. The population of the study was all secondary school science teachers, headmasters, secondary class science students and science experts. The previous education policies, reports, plans, educational documents, research papers and books were also studied. Data were collected through questionnaires. For this purpose, three questionnaires were developed consisting of closed items designed on five-point Likert scale. The last two items in each questionnaire were open ended. One questionnaire was for the science teachers, one for the science students and one for headmasters and science experts. The items in all the questionnaires were mostly the same except that some items were removed from students’ questionnaires such as items on teachers’ pre- service training. Besides, the science teachers’ questionnaire contained items on lab facilities. The sample was randomly selected from ten districts of Punjab province. The questionnaires were administered to the respondents and their responses were statistically analyzed using chi-square test for homogeneity at 0.05 level of significance. The open-ended items were analyzed based on its frequency of occurrences which was converted in to percentages. The findings of the study were that the examination system emphasized on memorization and neglected the application of concepts. The science course content was lengthy and contained irrelevant material. The science course content did not meet the international standards nor did it fulfill the needs of individual and society. Activity oriented method was lacking in science teaching. The pre-service teachers’ training focused more on theory and less on the practical aspect of teaching. The major recommendations of the study were that the examination should equally emphasize recalling, understanding and application of knowledge. The science course content may be reviewed to bring it at par with the international level. Due weightage should be given to the internal assessment. The science teachers should make use of activity methods and should involve the students to participate actively in the class. The teachers may be trained in using modern teaching methodologies and conducting science practical at the required level. The science education program may be regularly monitored and supervised.
پنڈی کے کوفے سے میں سندھ مدینے آئی ہوں مت پوچھو کیا کھو آئی ہوں مت پوچھومیں کیا لائی ہوں کچھ منظر ہیں کچھ یادیں ہیں کچھ آنسو ہیں کچھ فریادیں ہیں کچھ لمحوں کی سوغاتیں ہیں کچھ گھڑیوں کی رودادیں ہیں کچھ سنگ زادوں کے تحفے ہیں جو کچھ بھی ملا لے آئی ہوں زینب کے خطبات کا صدقہ شبیرسے مانگ کے لائی ہوں
Background of the Study: Lockdown was implemented worldwide to limit the spread of COVID-19. This sudden implementation of lockdown causes significant lifestyle changes for every individual. Along with the general population, it also has psychological, behavioral, and physical consequences on athletes. The study objective is to determine the occurrence of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries during the COVID-19 lockdown in athletes.
Methodology: Retrospective cross-sectional study design was used, and participants were recruited by a non-probability convenient sampling technique. A sample size of 147 was taken as calculated by the Raosoft software, and the study was completed 6 months. Both male and female athletes between the age group of 18-35 years, participants who did not participate in any official training session during the lockdown and registered at domestic level for at least 2 years were recruited from Pakistan Sports Board and Wapda Sports Complex Lahore. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to identify the problematic painful areas of body. Data entry, analysis, and interpretation were done by using SPSS software version 22.0.
Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 25.6531±4.49 (years) and 23.28±3.24 (kg/m2) respectively. From the total, 39.5% of participants reported lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. And most reported problematic areas include lower back and knee. 75% of participants continue to do workouts at home as a prevention strategy against injury occurrence.
Conclusion: This concluded that the occurrence of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries during the lockdown was moderate.
In this dissertation new algorithms have been presented for the numerical solution of three-dimensional elliptic and parabolic partial differential equa- tions subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. A numerical method based on Haar wavelet collocation technique(HWCT) is being formulated for numer- ical solution of 3D elliptic partial di erential equations(PDEs) and systems involving such equations. The newly developed numerical technique is ap- plied to both linear and nonlinear 3D elliptic PDEs and systems involving such PDEs. The proposed numerical is also applied to the time-invariant fully nonlinear Navier-Stoke''s model equations. In case of solving linear el- liptic PDEs, the resulting algebraic system of equations is solved by using Gauss elimination method. Whereas for nonlinear elliptic PDEs we used Newton''s or Broyden''s method. A hybrid numerical method based onnite di erence method and 3D HWCT is developed for the numerical solution of 3D parabolic PDEs and systems involving such PDEs. This hybrid numerical technique is applied to both linear and nonlinear parabolic PDEs including systems. In case of non- linear parabolic PDEs quasilinearization technique was applied to linearize the nonlinear terms. The time derivatives involved in parabolic PDEs is ap- proximated by thefinite difference method. The numerical simulations of all newly developed numerical techniques are performed using MATLAB. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed numerical methods is vali- dated via various linear and nonlinear test problems including systems from the literature. The numerical results of these test problems are compared with the exact solutions as well as with the existent methods in literature. The maximum absolute errors and experimental rate of convergence have been calculated for different number of collocation points. The numerical re- sults shows better accuracy, efficiency and simple applicability of the newly developed numerical methods.