A linkage between universities and industry have been extended, but rather haphazardly researched. These arrangements usually concentrate on the flow of such knowledge is need of industry. While the popularity ofsuch arrangements between universities - industry and governmentis, especially given their relative novelty and policy visibility, overemphasizing such mechanisms does not do justice to equally if not more important, although indirect, linkages between academia – industry and government. The objective of the study is to examine the linkages and factors influencing the relationships between universities- Industry-government in Pakistan. A proposing conceptual model to process sustainable mechanismtoimprovethelinkagesamonggovernment,universities, national research institutions and firms, in order to enhance innovation and competitiveness in the industry. Presentresearchis to identify the relationship dynamics among industry, government and universities and redefine the role being played by academia to enhance its productive contribution in the contemporary knowledge based economy, and improve its ability to meet the dynamic market demands. Considering the underlying research purpose, the researcher has chosen the interpretive philosophical approach to qualitatively analyze different dimensions surrounding the underlying phenomenon. The interpretive approach suits well while evaluating the three-dimensional relationship between industry, academia and government. Collecting the general information about the current linkages and detailed investigation along with probing strategy would highlight the gaps between industry, academia and government linkages. Such perspectives can only be explored by employing the qualitative approach. Primary data sources for the underlying research include in-depth structured interviews viii with the higher education institutions and senior management from the corporate world. Content analysis and NVIVO were used for analysis of qualitative data to find out the major opportunities and challenges to fill the gap. During depth interviews many problems were highlighted, a list of most repeating opportunities as well as challenges has been discussed in the result. Universities stay with a low level of collaboration with the industry, both constructing agents and industry. The findings on university-industry government linkages observed to commend themselves that they should deliver graduates progressively important to industry and government needs, while government and industry should bolster finance for research and advance development, and also participate to grow new innovation. In addition, government ought to have a clear policy heading to help the industry On the bases of findings, this study proposes a conceptual model to develop a sustainable mechanism for university – industry – government linkages and other authorities. This research is helpful for the policy makers who can use it for establishing the mechanism among university - industry - government linkages in perspective of management and policies regarding in Pakistan.
The use of a plethora of poverty indexes is sometimes fraught with difficulties. The purpose of this research was to quantitatively assess poverty and to examine the robustness of the poverty metrics. Selecting representative farm homes required a multistage sample technique, which was implemented. A total of 150 rural homes were surveyed using questionnaires. Stochastic dominance and the weighted poverty measures of Foster, Greer and Thorbecke were used in this work to examine the weighted poverty measures' resilience and sensitivity to changes in the poverty line. According to the findings, as people become older and their families get larger, the likelihood, severity, and depth of poverty increases. An asymptotic sampling distribution was utilized to infer whether poverty was larger across a variety of hypothetical poverty lines by stochastic dominance analysis. First-order stochastic dominance was found, with the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of households headed by people over 60 years old lying totally above the other distribution functions (CDFs). The CDF of single families was lower than the CDF of married households, according to the findings. At any poverty level, the CDF of families with more than 10 household members stochastically dominated those with fewer family members. Many households will be lifted out of poverty if poverty-reduction initiatives are targeted at those over 60 and those with big families.
Accurate and timely information of crop area and its production plays an important role to summarize the upcoming situation of market supply and demand. It also provides the foundation to policy makers, stakeholders, government planners and agribusiness community for ideal management of their interests. Remote sensing provides the information about discrete time instant event over a larger area while crop models explain continuous crop growth status on daily basis as function of weather, soil and management. This study was planned with the objective to estimate the area under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in Faisalabad district using satellite data and estimate its grain yield by assimilating the remotely sensed information into the CERES-Wheat model under spatiotemporal heterogenous conditions and variable management practices. Before applying the crop model at regional scale, it was calibrated using a field experimental data. In this experiment, three wheat cultivars (Punjab-2011, Aas-2011 and Galaxy-2013) were grown under six levels of deficit irrigation. The experiment was conducted with three replications under strip plot arrangement. Results of experiment proved that stem elongation stage is the least sensitive to drought, and grain formation stage of wheat crop is more sensitive to drought as compared to booting and stem elongation stages. Same grain yield can be achieved by applying 75% of irrigation compared to farmer irrigation practice. Wheat cultivars Punjab-2011 and Galaxy-2013 produced significantly more grain yield than wheat cultivar Aas-2011 and both cultivars are statistically at par to each other. CERES-Wheat model was calibrated and validated using data of field experiment to simulate the crop growth parameters and soil water balance. Model performed very well and simulated results were close to the observed data. Landsat based temporal satellite images were used to estimate the area under wheat cultivation and water index of crop during the crop growth period. Green (G), red (R), near infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared 1 (SWIR1) and shortwave infrared 2 (SWIR2) bands, and NDVI and NDWI indices of both satellites landsat7 and landsat8 were used to develop the metrics (minimum, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, maximum and mean). Median NDWI derived from landsat based temporal images were used to quantify the applied volume of irrigation in wheat cultivated area of Faisalabad district. Calibrated crop model was used to simulate the wheat growth and estimate the wheat yield. Estimated wheat yield by crop model is 5% lower than the estimate of Crop Reporting Service (CRS), Punjab. It shows that assimilation of remotely sensed information into a crop model can be used to estimate the wheat productivity with good accuracy.