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Home > Psychological Outcomes of Time Management Behaviour Among University Teachers: Mediating Role of Perceived Control of Time

Psychological Outcomes of Time Management Behaviour Among University Teachers: Mediating Role of Perceived Control of Time

Thesis Info

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Author

Masud, Akhtar.

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Psychology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9473/1/Initial%20Pages.doc

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724954543

Similar


Time management is very important in personal as well as in professional life of university teachers. Poor time management results in destructive psychological outcomes in personal and professional life of university teachers. Therefore the present study is based on the Process Model of Time Management by Macan (1994). The study aimed to examine the mediating role of perceived control of time between time management behaviour and psychological outcomes among university teachers. The study also examined the direct effect of time management behaviour and perceived control of time on the prediction of personal and job-related outcomes. Moreover role of time management behaviour in the prediction of perceived control of time was also investigated. The present study is based on cross-sectional survey research design. Sample of the present study comprised of university teachers (N = 300). Seven self-report measures were used for data collection including Time Management Behaviour Scale, Perceived Control of Time Scale, Warwick Edinberg Mental Well-being Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, In Role Performance Scale, and Role Overload Scale. Overall research was divided into two parts. Firstly, pilot study was carried out in order to examine the psychometric properties of the scales and exploration of the direction of relationship between variables. Pilot study was conducted on the limited sample of university teachers (N = 100). Pilot study participants were not included as main study participants. After pilot testing, main study was carried out. Sample of the main study comprised of university teachers from different public and private sector universities of Pakistan (N = 300). Both male and female university teachers were included in the sample. Age ranged from 28 to 38 years (M = 35.42, SD = 10.79) participated in this research. Only regular university teachers with at least on year full time teaching experience were included in the sample. However, the experience of teachers fluctuated between 1 to 37 years (M = 5.87, SD = 4.60). The qualification level of university teachers was MA / MSc (n = 64, 21.3%), MPhil / MS (n = 133, 44.3%) and PhD (n = 103, 34.3%). Linear regression analysis and hierarchical regression was computed to test the hypotheses. Most of the hypotheses were supported in the present study. Results of the linear regression analysis reveal that time management behaviour positively predicted well-being whereas negatively predicted stress among university teachers. Time management behaviour positively predicted job satisfaction and job performance whereas negatively predicted role overload among university teachers. Time management behaviour positively predicted perceived control of time. Perceived control of time positively predicted well-being whereas negatively predicted stress among university teachers. Perceived control of time positively predicted job satisfaction and job performance whereas negatively predicted role overload. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis revealed that perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and well-being among university teachers. Perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and stress among university teachers. Perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and job satisfaction among university teachers. Similarly, perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and job performance among university teachers. The findings confirmed the underlying empirical assumptions of the Process Model of Time Management Overall the findings are valuable in the fields of educational and organizational psychology. The recommendations of the study were discussed under the limitations and suggestions.
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5۔ تحفظ مال

5۔ تحفظ مال
مقاصد شریعت میں ایک اہم مقصد ما ل کی حفا ظت ہے۔ بنیادی ضرریات کی تکمیل کے لیے روپے پیسے اور مال کا ہونا ضروری ہے اس کے بغیر زندگی گزارنا محال ہے اور اس کا حصول بعض اوقات انسان کو موت اور کفر تک پہنچا دیتا ہے اور باعث فتنہ ہے۔ اسلام انسان کے مال کے تحفظ کے لئے اقدامات کرتا ہے اور ناجائز ذرائع سے مال کا حاصل کرنا حرام قرار دیتا ہے، جیسا کہ ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے:
﴿وَلَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ ۔ ﴾253
"اور تم ایک دوسرے کا مال ناحق طریقے سے نہ کھاؤ۔ "
اس آیت کی رو سے اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر اس طریقے سے مال کمانا حرام قرار دیا ہے جو غیر قانونی ہو اور جس کے ذریعے سے دوسرے کے مال کو ناجائز طریقے سے لینے کی کوشش کی جاتی ہو یہی وجہ ہے کہ اسلام نے مال کے مالک کو یہ ہدایت کی ہے کہ وہ حلال ذریعہ سے کمائے گئے اپنے مال کی حفا ظت کرے ۔
انسان کو دین ، اولاد ، جان اور مال بہت پیارا ہوتا ہے ان کے لیے وہ سر دھڑ کی بازی تک لگا دیتا ہے۔ اسلام نے اپنے مال کی حفاظت کرتے ہوئے مرنے والے فرد کو شہید کہا ہے ۔ عبداللہ بن عمر سے مروی ہے کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا
"مَن قُتِلَ دونَ مالِهِ؛ فهو شَهيدٌ "254
"جو اپنے مال کی حفاظت کرتے ہوئے قتل ہو جائے ، پس وہ شہید ہے۔ "
مالک کو ہدایت کی جا رہی ہے کہ مال کی حفاظت کے سلسلے میں ظاہری اسباب کو اختیار کرے، پھر اللہ تعالیٰ پر توکل کرے اور مال کو دوسروں کے رحم وکرم پر نہ چھوڑے ، جیسا کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا
"اعْقِلْهَا وَتَوَكَلْ ۔"255

Role of Pakistan as a Frontline State and its Sociocultural Impact

Location of Pakistan has great geo-political and geo-strategic significance in the South Asian region. Pakistan played an important role for the strategic goals of the United States during the ruling periods of President Zia-ul-Haq and President Musharraf. As a frontline state Pakistan received economic and military assistance, during the period of President Zia-ul-Haq, for supporting US interests against Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. After 9/11, due to its strategic location, Pakistan became the ally of the United States against terrorism and the biggest beneficiary of US economic assistance in the region. However, as a result of these policies Islamic extremism, sectarian violence and ethnic cleavages cropped up in the society, shattering social and cultural values. The purpose of this research paper is to highlight the key role played by Pakistan as a frontline state and its impact on the Pakistani society. This research paper follows descriptive and analytical methods.

Determinants of Corporate Financing Patterns and Their Impact on Corporate Financial Performance

For decades, factors affecting corporate financing patterns are being debated. It starts with the Miller and Modigliani (1958) theory of capital structure irrelevance. The theory passed through evolutionary process and researchers observed the behavior of corporate financing. Studies in late 1990s observed the role of corporate ownership structure in determining corporate financing pattern. However, literature provides no uniformity in determinants of financing patterns in different environments. This study investigates factors affecting corporate financing patterns in various ownership structures in textile and sugar sectors of Pakistan. It also discovers the relationship between financing patterns and companies’ financial performance. It explores applicability of financing theories (trade off and pecking order) to the general situation in Pakistan, and in particular to the textile and sugar sectors. Textile sector is by far the biggest slice of six hundred and fifty listed companies at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) and sugar sector is the second largest sector of Pakistan. Majority of these companies are family-owned, with controlling equity interest which leads to insider control and concentrated ownership. During 1995-2004, textile sector financial performance was poor (Shah, 2007). The empirical analysis pursued 108 listed companies from textile and thirty five companies from sugar sector of Pakistan for the period 2001-06. Using Fixed Effect Model, the study concludes that group businesses, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, fixed assets business risk and profitability are statistically significant variables for both textile and sugar sectors of Pakistan. The analysis show negative relationship between debt financing and corporate financial performance in both the sectors. Major financing source for the textile and sugar sector is debt financing, particularly short term debt. Both the sectors depend on bank loan because the loan can be accessed at subsidized rate and political influence. This pattern of corporate finance reduced the incentive to mobilize capital through equity and public debt market. Partial support has been found for tradeoff theory in the textile sector of Pakistan. Sugar sector has partial support for pecking order theory. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) should take measures to strengthen the capital market for debt in order to attract the corporate sector to be listed and traded actively. Measure should be taken to provide confidence to the investors and frequent market crashes should be avoided. This will provide more opportunities to the corporate sectors for financing businesses instead of relying only on the financial institutions. Instead of prevailing numerous debt recovery laws used for different motives, a comprehensive bankruptcy law should be framed that could protect the rights of debtor as well as creditors. The policies are needed that help to strengthen the institutions. No political influence could be able to get undeserved financing on non professional basis.