The present research project was designed to study the psychosocial determinants and consequences of psychopathic trends in forensic and non-forensic samples. The sequential explanatory mixed methods research design was used. The project comprised three phases. In phase I of the study, two study measures: Self- Reported Psychopathy Scale-III-R (Paulhus, Neumann & Hare, 2009) and Tromoso Social Intelligence Scale (Silvera, Martinussen, & Dahl, 2001) were translated and validated. Phase II was designed to assess the determinants and consequences of psychopathic trends in forensic and non-forensic samples. In Phase II, a correlational survey study was carried out on a non-forensic sample (n= 550) and a forensic sample (n= 200) with 500 men and 250 women of age range between 20-44 years (M age= 29.0; SD= 6.8). The forensic sample was taken from District and Central jails of Faisalabad city while, the comparable nonforensic sample was selected from the general population of Punjab province. Demographic data sheet, Self- Report Psychopathy Scale (Paulhus et al., 2009), Social Intelligence Scale (Silvera et al., 2001), Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Rohner, 2005), Ryff’s Scale of Psychological Well Being (Ryff & Keyes, 1995) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) were used to collect the data. The results of regression analyses revealed that three negative personality predispositions (viz., dependency, negative self- adequacy and emotional unresponsiveness), two factors of social intelligence (viz., social information processing and social awareness), psychopathic trends (primary and secondary), and demographic variables (gender and job-type: government and private) appeared as the significant predictors of psychological well- being while, negative personality predispositions (composite score, a subtype of negative personality disposition: self- esteem), and income groups significantly predicted satisfaction with life. In mediational path analysis, psychopathic trends appeared as significant mediators between overall negative personality predispositions, psychological well- being and life satisfaction; similarly, in another mediation model, psychopathic trends mediated the relationship between social intelligence, psychological well -being and life satisfaction. In MANOVA, group differences appeared on three study variables (i.e., psychopathic trends, negative personality predispositions, and psychological well- being) in terms of gender, and on all study variables in terms of other selective demographic variables (i.e., income, job-type: government /private, and study groups: forensic and non-forensic). In Phase III, a qualitative study with a sample of 20 (n= 10 forensic; n= 10 non-forensic) who scored 2 SD above the mean on the Self- Report Psychopathy Scale-III in Phase II was carried out to indigenously explore the determinants and consequences of psychopathic trends. The age of the sample ranged between 20-44 years. The forensic sample comprised (6 men; 4 women) while non-forensic samples consisted (10 men) from the general population of Faisalabad District. A thematic analysis revealed nine major themes with respect to psychosocial determinants of psychopathic trends (viz., adverse childhood experiences, parenting/ parental attributes, home environment, sibling’s interaction, social factors, punishment, contextual factors, involvement in illegal/ criminal acts and negative personality attributes). The consequences of psychopathic trends appeared in five major themes (viz., psychological issues, social issues, health issues, financial/ professional issues and changed self). In addition to unique indigenous factors contributing to psychopathic trends, the qualitative study validated the results of the quantitative study. Implications of the study were discussed.
کجھ و دواناں دے وچار نیں کہ کافی عربی زبان دا لفظ اے جیدے معنی نیں مکمل ، پورا یا کافی ہونا۔ کیوں جے قرآن مجید وچ ربی فرمان اے۔
’’ کفیٰ باللہ شہیدا اللہ دی گواہی کافی اے ‘‘ (۱)
’’ کفیٰ باللہ وکیلا اللہ کارساز کافی اے ‘‘(۲)
’’قرآن حکیم وچ ایہہ لفظ کافی تے مکمل دے معنی وچ استعمال ہویا اے۔ ایس لئی شاعری دی اجہی صنف نوں کافی آکھیا گیا ہے۔ جہدے وچ اک مکمل مضمون اک مکمل خیال یاں اک مکمل جذبے دا اظہار کیتا گیا سی۔ شاعری دی ایس صنف نوں پڑھ کے یاںسن کے ہور کسے صنف یاں شاعری دے مطالعے یاں سنن دی لوڑ نہیں رہندی ۔ کیوں جے ایہدے راہیں بیان ہون والا مضمون یاں خیال ، ادبی ذوق ، روحانی لوڑاں تھوڑاں تے وجدان دی مکمل حد تک تسکین کر دیندا اے۔ ایسے پاروں شاعری دی ایس صنف نوں کافی آکھیا گیا اے۔‘‘(۳)
کافی تے سنگیت دا آپسی گوہڑا سمبندھ ہے ۔ کافی وچ سنگیت پکھ اگھڑواں ہوندا اے۔ ایس لئی سنگیت توں بنا ں کافی مکمل نہیں ۔جے ایہہ آکھیا جاوے کہ شاہ حسین نے کافی تے سنگیت نوں لازم و ملزوم بنا دتا اے تاں کجھغلط وی نہ ہووے گا۔ اونہاں اپنیاں کافیاں بارے واضح شبداں وچ لکھ دتا، پئی ایہہ کافی فلاں راگ یاں راگنی وچ گائی جاوے مثال دے طور تے اوہناں نے اپنی ایس کافی نوں راگ جے جے ونتی وچ گاون دی ہدایت کیتی اے۔
Im?m Al Sh?f? Has great contribution towards grammatical and principled Arabic poetry. It is observed that his poetry is rich with ethical values. He gained his reputation at the same time as a Muslim jurist and a great man of wisdom. He is the writer of many books regarding Islamic jurisprudence, and a famous book of poetry “Deewan e Sh?f.” More over his books contain such ethical values in couplet mood. All of these discussed values, he truly abstracted and retrieved from the holy Quran and hadith. This article presents a special study regarding his valuable topics of ethics. The article is a comprehensive study of the ethical values found in the poetry of Al imam Al-Sh?f. The important ethical values of his poetry are: true advice of Muslim and knowledge positively. He also discussed some bad habits to aware the people about their bad impacts on nature and gives examples of their destructions in human beings. Some of them are fraud, cruelty and being the secretary of the ruler etc. He also discussed some bad habits to aware the people about their bad impacts on nature and gives examples of their destructions in human beings. Some of them are fraud, cruelty and being the secretary of the ruler etc.
In this study 0.5LiMn2O3.0.5LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, a layered lithium-manganese rich nickel manganese cobalt (LMR-NMC) oxide, was a carefully selected composition for use as a cathode material in Li ion batteries. The effect of synthesis method and doping on this layered lithium-manganese rich, mixed metal oxides is presented. First part of this study deals with the effect of synthesis route on the electrochemical properties of the 0.5LiMn2O3.0.5LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 material. A comparison between Co-precipitation, low temperature (90°C) sol-gel synthesised and high temperature (120°C) sol-gel synthesised LMR composite materials is presented. The study demonstrated that synthesis procedure and conditions strongly influence the electrochemical properties of the synthesized material. Co-precipitation and sol-gel synthesised LMR composites revealed obvious differences in capacity and cycle life, which give the impression from X-ray photoelectron spectra to be strongly related to the particles‘ surface reactivity. In the second part of study, the LMR-NMC materials were doped with varying amounts of aluminium. Small amounts of Al doping to the sol-gel material were shown to improve the rate capability and cyclability, in addition to decreasing voltage fade. The results were interpreted in terms of charge discharge studies and supported by differential capacity plots, impedance measurements and cyclic voltammetry data. The electrochemistry of an aluminium doped material was revealed to be highly dependent on the degree of aluminium doping – with the behaviour of 1% doped material giving a maximum capacity of 201 mAhg-1 at 150 mAg-1 and a capacity retention of 88% after 200 cycles. An attempt has been made to study the effect of Cr doping as well on the electrochemical properties of the LMR-NMC materials. It results in an increase in the initial charge/discharge capacity of the material while decreasing the capacity retention. However, the Cr as a dopant could not be assigned as an improvement in the LMR mixed metal oxide material. The study established the comparative role of co-precipitation and sol-gel methods on the improvement of electrochemical properties of the LMR-NMC oxides. Additionally, controlled Al doped samples substantially improved the discharge capacity while maintaining capacity retention event at very high C-rate.