محمد عباس اثرؔ
محمد عباس اثرؔ(۱۹۰۱ئ۔پ) کا اصل نام محمد عباس اور اثرؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ اثر ؔراولپنڈی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ سیالکوٹ میں بزمِ افکار کا احیا کیا اور اس بزم کے صدر بنے۔ اثر سیالکوٹ میں حلقہ اربابِ ذوق کے ممبر بھی منتخب ہوئے۔ آپ نعت‘ غزل‘ نظم اور قطعات لکھتے تھے ۔(۳۴۰) اثر روایتی شاعر ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری توحید و رسالت‘ یاسیت اور دردو غم میں ڈوبی ہوئی ہے۔ کچھ اشعارملاحظہ ہوں:
آج کچھ اور حال ہے دل کا
بجھ رہا ہے چراغ محفل کا
اک بگولہ اٹھا سرِ منزل
اڑ رہا ہے غبار منزل کا
غم کی کونپل نگاہ سے پھوٹی
کوئی ٹوٹا ہے آبلہ دل کا
آندھی اٹھی اثرؔ بڑھائو قدم
بجھ رہا ہے چراغ منزل کا
(۳۴۱)
کیا سناتے انہیں ہم حال سنایا نہ گیا
درد محسوس تو ہوتا تھا دکھایا نہ گیا
اور تو رنج کئی ہم نے اٹھائے لیکن
رنج بے مہری احباب اٹھایا نہ گیا
(۳۴)۲
شکستِ غم آرزو درد بن کر
میرے دل کو رہتا ہے اکثر لپیٹے
اثر میں نے اشعار میں ضبطِ غم سے
سلگتے ہوئے چند آنسو سمیٹے
(۳۴۳)
جب نہیں تھے بحرو بر‘ انجم زمین و آسماں
تھا فقط حسنِ ازل یعنی خدا کی ذات تھی
کائنات حسن جب پھیلی تو لا محدود تھی
اور جب سمٹی محمدؐ مصطفٰے کی ذات تھی (۳۴۴)
The Quranic sciences of interpretations and principles of interpretations were originated in the epoch of holy prophet (saw) but compilation of both were started later. This is called principles of interpretations, which is the basic and important part of Islamic studies. Islamic scholars, commentators and explicators explained the holy Quran in the light of principles of interpretations. These are such basic principles those are guide lines for them so they will not deviate or drop the right way while interpreting and explaining the holy verses. These principles are laid down and followed by them so that they may find the will of Allah and actual meaning of holy Quran. A little difference in principles causes a huge difference in interpretation. Different methodology in principles resulted in many schools of thought. This article focusses on examining these schools of thought found in sub-continent and introduce their main books. This article deals with chronological evolution of said knowledge i.e. Principles of interpretations, and Quranic sciences specially originated by the famous principalities and interpreters of sub-continent.
Poultry industry is a dynamic sub-division of agriculture sector throughout the world as well as in Pakistan owing to rising global demand for this more affordable animal protein than red meat, due to exponential population growth and rapid urbanization in developing regions. However, the major problems encountered by the industry are infectious viral diseases; mainly infectious bursal disease (IBD), causing severe production and economic losses. Currently, live, attenuated or killed classical virus strains are used as vaccines to immunize birds but still outbreaks are reported even in vaccinated flocks probably owing to difference in antigenic structure between vaccine and field vvIBDV strains. Also, the current vaccine production systems including microbial, stable nuclear and transient plant viral technologies are not feasible in terms of cost and biosafety. So, as a preliminary step for development of clean quality and cost-effective recombinant subunit vaccine, a VP2 gene along with engineered choloroplast based Prrn promoter and PsbA terminator was synthesized commercially. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment with representative strains of different geographic origin confirmed the antigenic structure similarity of synthetic VP2 protein with those of circulating vvIBDV strains. Synthetic VP2 gene together with FLARE-S gene cassette was flanked by tobacco chloroplast flanking sequences through sequential cloning leading to development of final chloroplast transformation construct. Fully expanded 4-6 weeks old tobacco leaves were bombarded using a gene gun for chloroplast transformation. Initially, putative transplastomic lines regenerated on spectinomycin selection medium were selected by visual detection through gfp fluorescence as transplastomic sectors in a chimeric leaf tissue fluoresced green under UV light. These fluoresced sectors not only revealed heteroplasmic state of transgenic plants but also confirmed the successful integration of marker gene into tobacco chloroplasts. Putative transplastomic shoots were then subjected to additional rounds of selection and regeneration for developing homoplasmic clones. The genetic analysis of putative transplastomic plants through polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of VP2 as well as aada and gfp genes in the plastome. Integration of cassettes into inverted repeat region was confirmed using forward primer specific to aada gene and reverse primer specific to plastome. Further, development of an efficient regeneration system for soybean via somatic embryogenesis was attempted using 2 and 7 days old mature cotyledons from in-vitro germinated seedlings of a local ‘Faisal’ and an exotic ‘Jack’ cultivar with the intention to develop edible VP2 subunit vaccine as soybean is a chief constituent of poultry feed. It was observed that 7 days old mature cotyledonary explants of cultivar Jack were more responsive towards somatic embryogenesis than 2 days old ones and those of cultivar Faisal after callus induction on D20 medium directly. However, no regeneration was observed in either case indicating the need for further experimental investigation