Contamination level of antibiotics namely ofloxacin (OFL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV), oxytetracycline (OXT) and doxycycline (DOX) were quantified in wastewater, soil, plants and underground water of areas surrounding pharmaceutical industry in Lahore. HPLC with DAD detector, C-18 column and solid phase cartridges were used to analyze antibiotic residues. In wastewater CIP was 3.0-5.25 mg/L, LEV was 0-6.20 mg/L, OFL was 2.45-4.12 mg/L, OXT was 0-9.40 mg/L, and DOX was 1.58-6.75 mg/L. From wastewater antibiotics accumulate in environmental segments and impact human health. From wastewater antibiotics accumulate in soil and plants and percolate to groundwater. The contamination level was 1000 times higher in wastewater samples than other samples, as it is the primary source of antibiotics entering environment. After wastewater, soil was the most contaminated environmental segment and ground water was the least contaminated by these residues but water is very important as it is source of accumulation of antibiotics to human and animal body as well as to plants. Drinking water is most essential thing for life on earth. Due to environmental pollution day by day the quality of drinking water is deteriorating. Ground water is being contaminated due to industrial pollution. In groundwater DOX has highest mean level of contamination and OFL was determined as highest contaminating pollutant in soil. Highest detected value in groundwater of OFL was 0.50, CIP and LEV 0.20, DOX 0.80 and OTC 0.40 ng/L. Ground water has residual level of CIP 0.01-0.20 ng/L, LEV 0.02-0.20 ng/L, OFL 0.01-0.50 ng/L, OTC 0.02-0.40 ng/L, and DOX 0.04-0.80 ng/L. Soil and vegetables are the most integral environmental segments for human and animal life. Day by day both of these segments are becoming polluted by anthropogenic resources and one of the major sources of contamination is pharmaceutical wastewater entering environment. Contamination level of OFL, CIP, LEV, OTC and DOX were determined (found) in vegetables samples in areas surrounding pharmaceutical industry. HPLC with DAD detector, C-18 column and solid phase cartridges were used to extract and analyze antibiotic residues in carrot, wheat and spinach samples. In wheat samples LEV and in spinach and carrot samples OFL was detected as highest accumulated antibiotic among five antibiotics selected. In all types of vegetables samples the contamination of each antibiotic was highest in leaves and lowest in fruits. The order of accumulation was leaves > stem / shoot > root > fruit. The contamination level was higher in soil samples than vegetables samples. From soil antibiotics accumulate in plants and vegetables, and leach to groundwater. Plants and vegetables directly or indirectly are a part of human food. The most appropriate method to stop antibiotic pollution in environmental segments is to remove or eliminate these pollutants at source. For such treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics, six photocatalyst P-I, P-II, P-III, P-IV, P-V, P-VI obtained by doping of Cr, Co, and V, were used to degrade 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm sample solutions of CIP, LEV, OFL, DOX and OXT. After 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min time period of addition of photocatalysts these samples solution were analyzed for the degradation efficacy of photocatalyst. The degradation of these antibiotics was observed for variation in parameter like pH of the solution, time of exposure to sunlight, temperature of the solution and amount of the photocatalyst added in the solution.
پاکستان کی جغرافیائی اہمیت نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’پاکستان کی جغرافیائی اہمیت‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! پاکستان کا لفظ جہاں فی نفسہ اہمیت کا حامل ہے، وہاں اس کی جغرافیائی اہمیت بھی مسلم ہے۔ اس کے محل وقوع کی اپنی ایک اہمیت ہے، اس کے خدوخال کی اپنی ایک اہمیت ہے، اس کے فضائی علاقے کی اپنی ایک اہمیت ہے، اس کے بری اور بحری علاقے کی اپنی ایک اہمیت ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! ہمارے ملک پاکستان میں پہاڑی علاقوں کی ایک اہمیت ہے، سیاح خواہ غیر ملکی ہوں یا ملکی پہاڑوں کے دلاویز مناظر ان کے لیے سراسیمگی کے ساتھ ساتھ مسرت و انبساط کا باعث بنتے ہیں، ان کی فلک بوس چوٹیاں آنکھوں کو نور بصارت فراہم کرتی ہیں، ان میں رہائش پذیر جفاکش انسان کاہل اور تساہل پسند انسان کے لیے مہمیز ثابت ہوتے ہیں۔ صدرِ ذی وقار! دیگر ممالک کے لیے اس کی سرحد آسمان پر دھنک کا منظر پیش کرتی ہے، اس کی وادیوں کو سیراب کرتی ہوئی جوئے نغمہ خواں کا اپنا ایک حسن ہے، اس کی فضائوں میں محو پرواز طائران خوش الحان کی اپنی ایک اہمیت ہے، اس کی آب وہوا کا اعتدال حسن و جمال کا مرقع ہے، اس کی سونا اگلنے والی زمین کی اپنی ایک اہمیت ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! چین ہو، ایران ہو، افغانستان ہو، یا ہندوستان جملہ ممالک اس کی ہمسائیگی پر خوش ہیں ، چین ، ایران اور افغانستان تو اس کے ساتھ بہتر تعلقات پر نازاں ہیں اور انڈیا اس اسلامی خطے سے محفوظ و مامون ہے۔ کیونکہ اس کے باسی اسلام کی دولت سے مالا مال ہیں جو ایک سلامتی...
Children are the future of the parents, family, nation, and country. But the future of children is becoming insecure due to the changing conditions of the present age and global conspiracies against humanity. The prophet (ﷺ) used to pray for children. In the same way, every parent wants to have kids. And they want their children to be mentally and physically healthy in every way. The Quran and Seerat-e-tayyaba guide us to the right of children so that if these rights are provided. The future of every child will be secured in this world and hereafter. Children’s rights are divided into two categories: 1: parental rights, and 2: postnatal rights. This article describes five prenatal rights and fifteen postnatal rights with arguments.
Maize is third important cereal crop in Pakistan and is used for both feed and fodder purpose. It is a good source of protein which is not only important in the human body but also widely used in the industry. Zein is a valuable maize protein that is hydrophobic in nature. It has potential use in different industries. The objective of research was to extract and explore potential of zein as an antimicrobial agent, moisture barrier and as an encapsulating material. In present study, zein was extracted from five different indigenous maize varieties by using three different concentration of ethanol (60%, 75% and 90%). The extracted zein was characterized to check its functional properties, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. Zein is used for encapsulation of bioactive compounds and essential oils. Ginger oil was encapsulated in zein and zein/gum Arabic combination. Ginger oil has been used for many times as medicine. Its compounds are important for curing different diseases especially gastrointestinal diseases. The encapsulated material was then characterized by different analysis for structural properties and morphological properties.Controlled release of oil from nanocapsules was also determined. The encapsulated material was used in product development to evaluate its availability. The product was analyzed for different parameters and its dough rheology was also checked. It was stored for two months. All the data obtained was statistically analyzed. Agaiti-2002 was found best among these five varieties as it has higher protein and fibre content. In mineral profile zinc was found higher in this variety and zein extraction was also found maximum in this variety at all three levels of ethanol percentage and it may be due to high protein percent in this variety. The zein extracted from this variety was also higher in antioxidant potential and functional properties which included foaming properties and emulsifying properties. So Agaiti-2002 was selected for zein extraction and further analyses of zein. Zein/ ginger oil nanoparticles were produced in size 200-500nm and no structural change occur in encapsulating material during production of nanoparticles. After reconstituting lyophilized nanoparticles powder dispersions prepared at different pH which presented the steady release of ginger oil at a lower pH in minimum time. Zein and zein/gum Arabic combination used in production of bread by supplementing flour and significant improvement in physical dough characteristics and internal characteristics of bread was seen.