3۔ پولیس کا کردار
پولیس کے لیے شرطہ کا لفظ امہات الکتب میں ملتا ہے۔" صاحب الشرطہ" (یعنی دستے کا امیر ) کا لقب ابتدا میں کسی صوبے یا شہر کے حاکم (والی) کے لیے مخصوص تھا، جو تمام دینی و دنیوی امور کا فیصلہ کرتا تھا، لیکن عباسیوں کے عہد میں یہ لقب صرف اس خاص عامل کے لیے مخصوص ہو گیا، جس کے ذمے نظم و نسق اور حفاظت عامہ کا کام ہوتا تھا، یعنی جس کے فرائض ہمارے کوتوال یا سپرنٹنڈنٹ پولیس کے سے ہوتے تھے ۔ خلفائے عباسیہ، اندلس کے خلفائے امویہ اور مغرب و مصر کے خلفائے فاطمیہ کے ماتحت صاحب الشرطہ کو قاضی سے زیادہ اختیارات حاصل ہوتے تھے، کیونکہ اسے یہ بھی اختیار تھا کہ وہ محض شبہ کی بنا پر کسی کے خلاف کارروائی کر سکےاور جرم کا ثبوت مہیا ہونے پہلے ہی جسے چاہے سزا کی دھمکی دے، لیکن شہری اس کے تابع فرمان نہیں ہوتے تھے ۔ اس کا حکم اور اختیار طبقے کے لوگوں اور بالخصوص تمام مشتبہ اور بری ادنیٰ شہرت رکھنے والے افراد پر ہی چلتا تها، البتہ اندلس ميں الشرطۃ الكبرٰى ( بڑی شرطہ) اور الشرطۃالصغرٰى (چھوٹی شرطہ ) میں فرق کیا جاتا تھا۔ الشرطۃ الکبرٰی کے نمائندے ایسے بڑے بڑے سرکاری افسروں کے خلاف بھی قانونی کارروائی کر سکتے تھے، جو کسی جرم کے مرتکب ہوے ہوں، بحالیکہ الشرطۃ الصغرٰى كا تعلق بالتخصيص ادنیٰ طبقے کے لوگوں سے ہوتا تھا۔ 371
کسی بھی ریاست میں نظام حکومت تین شعبوں میں تقسیم ہوتا ہے: مقننہ ، عدلیہ اور انتظامیہ۔ مقننہ کا کام قانون بنانا ہے۔ عدلیہ قانون کی تشریح کرتی ہے اور انتظامیہ قانون کی تنفیذ کا فریضہ سرانجام دیتی ہے ۔
قانون کی تنفیذ میں سب سے اہم پہلو قانون کی حفاظت کا ہے۔اس بات کی نگہداشت بہت ضروری ہوتی ہے کہ...
Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) is the last Apostle to human beings. He was gifted with a divine Deen having complete code of life. Every field of life has been discussed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet r. As an Apostle, head of the state and army commander, He guided the mankind and provided an excellent example in all the perspectives of life. As a commander of the Islamic forces, the Holy Prophet r fought twenty seven Ghazwat after migration to Madina. In Zeqaida 6 AH, during the pact of Hudaibia a complete turn was taken by Muslims. After this event, the Muslim army role changed to offensive rather than defensive. Immediately, after the pact, the Holy Prophet r attacked on Khyber in Muharram 7th AH, while the whole Hijaz region was captured during the Ghazwa Fath-i-Makkah. In this article, the strategy and tactics employed by the Holy Prophet r during Hudaibia truce have been discussed. These tactics are useful and beneficial in modern era warfare also. As an ideal for all the Ummah, lessons should be extracted by the commanders to defend their motherland and ideological boundries.
Interactions between people and plant diversity are indispensable. Ethnobiology explores such interactions in a scientific way to unearth the reality that cultureand plant diversity of a region influences each other in a reciprocal manner. Relations between plants and people are much stronger in remote cultural societies. District Tor Ghar is one of such remote and rugged mountainous region of the western Himalayas that has historically established tribal cultural values, traditions and customs. There is no evidence of previous qualitative or quantitative ethnobotanical research that tells something about culture of the region. Present PhD project was initiated by selecting a total of 43 villages from 5 tribal belts (Basikhel, Nusratkhel, Akazai, Hasanzai and Madakhel) using random table number method. 732 informants of all age groups were interviewed via semi-structured questionnaire method during the years 2012 and 2013. Group discussions, Ethnobotanical Participatory Appraisal (EPA) and extensive field visits were also arranged. Quantitative ethnobotanical techniques i.e., Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Cultural Importance Index (CI), mean Cultural Importance Index (mCI) and Cultural Importance of Families (CIF) were used to report cultural diversity among 5 tribes of the region. The conservation stata of all culturally significant plant species were also assessed quantitatively by developing first time a special mathematical relation i.e., CS =K (OC+AV+CE)/TF x RPwhich was in harmony with IUCN criteria. Cluster Analysis (CA), Two Ways Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) were appliedtodraw and understand cultural gradient of the ethno-ecologically important species of the region using robust software packages PCORD version 5& CANACO version 4.5.Our findings show that 295 species of vascular plants providing 33 cultural services in the form of food, medicine, fodder, timber wood, fuel, cosmetics, aesthetic, spiritual and veterinary etc.Assessment of conservation status via newly developed formula confirmed 20 species as critically endangered, 35 as endangered, 56 as vulnerable, 58 near threatened (rare) and 126 least concerned(Secure). The use of multivariate statistics brought forward a pattern in large multivariate data sets to a presentable and structurally recognizable form. Findings based on CA, TWCA and DCA showed a cultural gradient among the various tribes of the region. There is a significant correlation on the plant use pattern and conservation management of Basikhel to Nusratkhel and Akazai to Hasanzai while a significant diversity of such patterns exist between Madakhel and the remaining tribes.The current study contributes to an enhanced understanding of ecosystem services in the Tor Ghar, cultural uses of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts and the role of indigenous culture in regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.