معرفتِ ذکر اور عرفان
طالب حسین کوثریؔ
کسی بھی چیز کو جانے اور سمجھے بغیر اس کے بارے میں تأثر نہیں دیا جا سکتا اور تأثر کا اچھا ذریعہ الفاظ ہوتے ہیں۔الفاظ کا تقاضا بھی ان کی معرفت ہوتی ہے۔الفاظ کی معرفت نہ ہو تو اظہار بھی اچھا نہ ہو سکے گا۔اظہار تحریر کی صورت میں ہو تو اس کے لئے دو اصناف’’نثر‘‘ اور ’’نظم‘‘ ہیں۔نثر کے ذریعے اظہار کرنے والے کو نثر نگار اور نظم کے ذریعے اظہار کرنے والے کو شاعر کہا جاتا ہے۔عربی زبان کا مقولہ ہے’’الشعراء تلامیذ الرحمان‘‘ شعراء اللہ کے شاگرد ہوتے ہیں۔انسان کو اللہ کی بخشی ہوئی عقل سلیم کا تقاضا یہ ہے کہ انسان اللہ کی بخشی ہوئی صلاحیت سے مالک کی حمد کرکے ایسی شاعری کرے جس سے پروردگار راضی ہو۔
خالقِ ارض و سماء اپنی مخلوقات میں سب سے زیادہ جس تخلیق کو اہمیت دیتا ہے وہ اس کے محبوب محمد مصطفیؐ کی ذات ہے۔فرشتوں کو ساتھ لے کر اُنؐ کی ذات پر درودپڑھتا ہے اور اہل ایمان کو درود کا حکم دیتا ہے۔اُنؐ کو محبت کا مرکز بنا دیا۔اُنؐ کی مدح سرائی میں ہدایت کی کتاب’’قرآن‘‘نازل کیا۔پروردگار جس شاعری سے سب سے زیادہ راضی ہو گا وہ اس کے محبوب کی تعریف و توصیف ہے جسے اہل ادب نے نعت کا نام دیا ہے۔
نعت کہنے کے لئے لازم ہے کہ سرورِ عالمؐ کی ذات کو جاننے اور سمجھنے کی کوشش کی جائے۔دوسرے لفظوں میں حضورؐ کا عرفان حاصل کیا جائے۔نعت کی کتاب’’ورفعنا کی صدا‘‘ کے مصنف محترم عرفان علی صاحب ایک مدرس ہیں اور صاحبِ عرفان بھی ہیں۔اُن کے والدِ محترم سچے عاشقِ رسولؐ ہیں اُن سے وراثت میں عشقِ رسولؐ کی دولت نصیب ہوئی۔پروردگار کی عطا سے اسی کی رضا کے لئے نعت کہتے ہیں۔اللہ بھی راضی،اللہ کا محبوب بھی راضی۔
ہم پر خدا کے...
Ratan Hindi was born in the Indian side of the Punjab in the 6th AH. He claimed that he had met Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) in Madinah; had accepted Islam in his presence; joined the wedding ceremony of Fatimah (RA) and had also took part in the battle of trench (Ghazwah-e-Khandaq). He also affirmed that his long age was due to the blessings of the Prophet (PBUH) who prayed for his long life. It is also said that he had witnessed the miracle of the splitting of moon in India. The present paper, after proper investigation conducted in the light of original sources, i.e. Ḥadith and its Sciences, books of Rijal and history of Islam prove his claim of Ṣahabiyyat to be false and baseless. It also presents definition of a Ṣahabi (Prophet’s Companion) along with conditions deemed by scholars of Ḥadith for such a position.
The effect of exogenous polyhydroxy fullerene (PHF) nanoparticles on wheat salinity tolerance was studied. The PHF stock solution was prepared in MiliQ water and characterized via TEM, UV-Vis spectrum, EC, pH and TOC analyses. After this, different exogenous PHF concentrations (non-primed seed, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1000, 10,000 nM)were usedto study early growth response of wheat seedlings under 0 and 150 mM NaCl stress.The PHF doses, 0, 10, 40, 80 and 120 nM PHFwere selected to study their effects on wheat seedlings under salinity when supplied through three different exogenous modes viz. root zone, seed priming and foliar spray. Various morpho-biochemical attributes studied and the results revealed thattwo modes of PHF exogenous application (Seed priming and foliar spray) selected to check its role at later growth stages.During experimentation, six priming treatments (non-primed, 0, 10, 40, 80 and 120 nM) while three foliar spray treatments (0, 40 and 80 nM PHF) were used to study their influence on the growth, biochemical, physiological, ionic and yield attributes. In an overall note, salinity decreased growth, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water relations and gas exchange attributes. Under salt stress, increased hydrogen peroxide contents and lipid peroxidation was recorded. In addition, increase in antioxidant activitieswas recorded in response to salt stress. Changes in nonenzymatic antioxidants were also evident that included reduction in ascorbic acid (AsA) and increase in flavonoids, phenolics, sugars and proline contents. Marked increase in Na+ions in wheat plant parts recorded under stress consistent with decrease in shoot K+, Ca2+ and P ions. On the other hand, exogenous PHF treatments improved growth attributes of wheat consistent with improvement in photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic antioxidant activities and enhanced sugar and proline accumulation. Furthermore, the plants treated with PHF exhibited significant increasein the photosynthetic activity and leaf water relations. In short, PHF exogenousapplication caused 6-10 % increase in the 100-grain weight under salinity in comparison with control plantsOverall, seed priming with 40 and 80 nMPHF were the most effective treatment that reduced oxidative stress, and increased antioxidant capacity and contributed to improvements in wheat grain yield in wheat under salt stress.