Today is the age of science and technology. Quality science education is needed to meet the challenges of modern age. Quality of science education depends upon the quality of laboratory environment. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship of science laboratory environment with cognitive learning of science students at secondary school level. The objectives of the study were to, measure the cognitive learning of science students at SSC level, investigate the existing physical environment of chemistry laboratory at secondary school level in Rawalpindi Division, investigate the relationship of science laboratory environment with cognitive learning of students at secondary school level, find out the integration of laboratory activities with theory at secondary school level, explore the ability of the students to recognize already learned information, ideas and principles, indentify the skill of students to translate material from one form to another, identify the skill of the students to apply concepts and laws vi in new situations, investigate the skill of the students to distinguish or classify ideas into component parts and describe the relationship. The population of the study consisted of all science teachers and science students of one thousand and six (1006) male and female students in Rawalpindi division. Through Proportionate sampling population of the study was delimited to three hundred schools, three hundred science teachers and four hundred science students of grade X. For collection of data three research instruments i.e achievement test with respect to cognitive abilities in the subject of chemistry for 400 students of grade X, questionnaire with respect to lab facilities for 300 science teachers, and interview guide for 30 science teachers were developed. Questionnaires were collected with the help of friends and colleagues. For execution of achievement test and interview personal visit were made to sample schools. Reliability of achievement test was found by Cronbach Alpha and reliability and validity of the questionnaire was found with the help of seven education experts. Data were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics i.e percentage, t-test, chi- square and proportion Z test were used. Analysis of the study revealed that chemistry was being taught in most of the schools by lecture method. A substantial portion of schools had no science laboratories. Existing laboratories were substandard and adequate physical facilities, equipment and consumable items were not available. Practical work and theory were not conducted simultaneously. In girls‟ schools in general and in urban girls‟ schools in particular laboratory facilities were comparatively better available. Performance of urban girls in the achievement test was better than the performance of all other groups. The study reveals that there is positive relationship between laboratory environment and cognitive / academic learning.
ڈاکٹر محمد ضیاء الدین انصاری ڈاکٹر محمد ضیاء الدین انصاری میرے مخلص اور عزیز دوست تھے، مجھے ان کے انتقال کی خبر بہت دیر سے ملی، وہ علی گڑھ مولانا آزاد لائبریری میں ڈپٹی لائبریرین تھے، وہاں جاتا تو مطلوبہ کتابیں فوراً حاضر کرتے اور چائے سے خاطر تواضع کرتے، اصرار کرکے گھر بلاتے اور پرتکلف دعوت کرتے، خدابخش لائبریری کے ڈائریکٹر ہوکر وہ پٹنہ گئے تو اسے ترقی دینے کے لئے متعدد کام کئے اور کئی سمینار کرائے جن میں مجھے مدعو کرتے، وہاں سے ریٹائر ہوکر علی گڑھ آئے تو مولانا حسین احمد مدنیؒ پر ایک سمینار کا پروگرام بنایا مگر وہ نہ ہوسکا، ضیاء الدین صاحب کو علم و ادب سے بڑا شغف تھا اور وہ اچھے منتظم بھی تھے، کئی کتابیں لکھیں لیکن اشاریہ نگار کی حیثیت سے انہوں نے اپنا خاص سکہ جمایا، وہ بڑے شریف، نیک طینت، خوش خلق اور مرنجان مرنج شخص تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ انہیں جنت نعیم عطا کرے اور پس ماندگان کو صبر جمیل عطا فرمائے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، اپریل ۲۰۰۷ء)
It is with profound pleasure that we write this editorial to welcome you to the new journal, “Pakistan Biomedical Journal” (PBMJ), an interdisciplinary international journal. PBMJ has successfully completed its first volume and now its the second volume. We greatly appreciate the response of scientists who have contributed previously and are still contributing to this new journal. The subject of the journal is interesting and we try to address the health related concerns of public and improve the understandingof scientific phenomenons by researchers. Research discoveries are happening at a fast pace, in all the fields and PBMJ provides an ideal forum for exchange of scientific knowledge in terms of full length papers, surveys, reviews, case studies, letters to editor and systematic analysis. PBMJ is committed to publishing all manuscripts receiving a high recommendation from reviewers. The intention of PBMJ is to create space for generation of new knowledge, debate, collaborations among national and international scientists. Our vision is to promote research that will be helpful for knowledge sharing, new discoveries, development of critical thinking among the upcoming scholars, guidance for policy makers, awareness among the concerned community and ultimately benefitting the general population in improving health and fitness at large. It is a matter of pride for us to haveexcellent editorial board members from renowned institutes. We aim to have the best standards of quality of the published manuscripts. With every issue, we are continuously trying to improve the standards. We look forward for more exciting researches and scientific studies from all over the world. We would like to extend a very warm welcome to the readers of PBMJ and hope you will join us as authors, reviewers and editors in future.
Conventionally, AVO/AVA method is widely being used for reservoir characterization process on the assumption of isotropic (earth) medium. Seismic anisotropy is considered to produce first order effect upon the amplitudes of seismic wave, but this effect is often ignored during AVA studies for ease of processing, which may give unrealistic reservoir characterization results. The principal objective in this research work is to estimate the seismic anisotropy of a composite sand shale reservoir and incorporate it into AVA studies for accurate and improved reservoir charterization. A further aim of this work is to give complete workflow for the charaterziation of such reservoirs and its application to the real data from a gas prone field in Pakistan. The main elements of AVA based reservoir characterization of composite sand shale anisotropic medium include forward (rock physics and seismic modelling) and inverse modelling (recovering the spatial distribution of crucial reservoir properties). An anistropic composite sand shale medium can be characterized by five independent elastic constants either in the form of stiffness constants or two vertical velocities and three anisotropy coefficients. These five elastic constants for dry porous media has been estimated using anistropic effective medium theory in the contaxt of rock physics modelling. The input to rock physics modelling is obtained via petrophysical analysis of available wireline log data. The effective elastic constants obtained from rock physics modelling for composite sand shale medium is used for seismic AVA modelling of composite sand shale anisotropic medium in the form of angle-dependent refelection coefficients and/or seismic AVA data by using approximate and exact PP- reflection coefficients solution. During seismic inversion phase of reservoir characterization process, Bayesian inversion approach has been adapted to recover/invert the important reservoir parameters (porosity, volume of shale and water saturation) from AVA data and to carry out uncertainty analysis associated with these estimates. Our AVA modelling and analysis results on Sawan area under isotropic conditions show that seismic AVA modelling provides a strong relationship between porosity and reflection amplitude for all offset (or incident angle) ranges. From fluid saturation variation modelling it is evident that changes in water saturation do not change the AVA effect significantly which is further substantiated by investigation of CDP gathers. The seismic AVA modelling for different porosity/saturation values suggest that AVA analysis is prone to find porous sands rather than gas saturated sands. The same is shown by AVA crossplot between intercept and gradient which point out high porosity zones rather than high gas saturations. The results from our complete workflow applied on composite sand shale medium (in which shale is present in the form of lenses creating anisotropy) suggest that one can recover Vshale even at higher amount of uncertainty in AVA data, as the peak for marginal distribution lies mostly around the true value. For small amount of uncertainty in AVA data, our workflow gives reliable estimates for Sw, but as the noise increases in AVA data, it becomes difficult to recover Sw. The results from application of our workflow on C-sand reservoir of Sawan area (shale is present in the form of layers creating anisotropy) show that anisotropy effects are more pronounced in stratigraphic intervals where interbedded shales are relatively thick within reservoir sand (Sawan-06 well).The exact solution for VTI media provided by Daley and Horn’s (1977) is one with the highest potential for performing AVA inversion in sand shale composite medium with weak to strong anisotropy. We have demonstrated this fact by completing a numerical synthetic experiment for recovering porosity distributions through the Lower Goru C-sand reservoir.