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Home > Representational Politics and National Ideological Discourse: A Discursive Analysis of the British, American, and Indian Fictional Narratives of the Wars of Independence

Representational Politics and National Ideological Discourse: A Discursive Analysis of the British, American, and Indian Fictional Narratives of the Wars of Independence

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Khan, Saleem Akhtar

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

English Language & Literature

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10451/1/Saleem%20Akhtar%20Khan_Eng_2018_IIU_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724983107

Similar


The present study is grounded in the polemical fictional narratives apropos the wars of independence waged against the British Empire, in India and America, with the aim to understand the literary dialogue between the colonial and postcolonial versions, discourse and counter-discourse. For analysis of the fictional matrix vis-à-vis the revolutions, four of the representative novels, two for each colonizer and colonized, have been selected. Louis Tracy’s The Red Year (1907) and Bernard Cornwell’s The Fort (2010) represent the English colonial discourse. For representation of the perspectives of the postcolonial nations, The Sun behind the Cloud (2001) by Basavaraj Naikar, the Indian anglophone novel, and The Glorious Cause (2002) by Jeff Shaara, the American one, have been taken. The selected bellicose novels have been approached from the postcolonial perspective coupled with the relevant new-historicist postulates. Although Postcolonialism and New Historicism include non-literary – history, journalism, politics, official archives and much more – alongside the literary, the researcher has eschewed the former and delimited focus on the latter. The study of the intriguing concatenation of fictional narratives has exposed how colonial fictional discourse has maneuvered to provide an epistemic rationale to its encroachments and how postcolonial fiction writers have recorded their remonstrance against the lopsided colonial discourse. The textual analysis has identified the unbridgeable breaches and unfathomable fissures between the factional visions and fictional versions of the colonizer and the colonized. The teleological trajectory ratifies that these fictional narratives are not honest histories, rather the apocryphal accounts, political prognostication, ideological inferences, racist reverberations, and fallacious fantasies. The study has uncovered the inherent parochialism under the guise of universalism, recalcitrance in the semblance of generosity, and heterogeneity under the discursive cocoon of historical homogeneity. The similarities and differences between the American and Indian postcolonialisms have also been identified by juxtaposing the representative fictional narratives of the wars. Despite the marginal differences, the literary representations of the revolutions have the fundamental nexus, that is, the anti-colonial aura. Furthermore, the discriminatory discontinuity in the British rhetoric has been brought to the limelight: the essentialist approach for the Indians and tolerance and ambivalent tentativeness accompanied by the expression of affiliation towards the Americans. However, the Native Americans not only share their name with the Indians but also the state of being discursively vilified by the British. The peripheral alternative literary voices of the dissidents, who remain the least heard raconteurs amidst the collective politicized buzz, have been ignored due to delimited ambit of the study. Summarily, the fetish fallacy of focusing fiction as a transcendental literary discourse encompassing humanity in totality and the monolithic metanarratives of universality of literary representations have been disrupted as their latent and manifest ideological, national, and political anchorages have been explored and exposed. Thus, the research is going to have an augmentative impact on understanding of the students and researchers in the field of historical fiction, war writings, postcolonialism, new historicism, and discourse studies.
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۔غزل

غزل ---ثمینہ سید

کل کے سکھ تو گروی رکھے, پچھلے بوجھ اتارے
جانتی ہوں میں تیز ہوا ہے راہ میں رستہ روکے
ایسے لگتا ہے میں خود ہی اس پہ جھولنا چاہوں
اسی لیے تو نیند کی دیوی سے میں چھپنا چاہوں
دیکھ دیکھ کے ان کو حوصلہ ملتا تو ہے مجھ کو
ایک اداسی کے دھاگے میں خود ہی بندھتی جاؤں
درد کے پیکر میں ڈھل جاتے ہیں معلوم نہیں

 

اندر اندر سلگوں لیکن نکلوں زلف سنوارے
کون  ہے ,خوشبو کے لہجے میں جا کر اسے پکارے
مجھ کو درد کی سولی سے اب آکے کون اتارے
روز مری آنکھوں سے کوئی آگ سے خواب گزارے
میری طرح سے جاگتے ہیں یہ شب بھر چاند ستارے
میری سوچوں پر یہ کون ہے خوف کے چھینٹے مارے
میری غزلیں, میری نظمیں, میرے نغمے سارے

الارھاب: اسبابه و علاجه السلام اساس الاسلام

Terrorism is such a dangerous disease that has destroyed peace of many nations of the world. Terrorism, in all its forms, is condemnable. The author of this paper tried to encompass all the important factors and causes, which generate and consolidate terrorism in its different forms. This paper presents various causes of the phenomenon of terrorism, which include the material causes, the psychological causes, the behavioral causes, the political causes, the social causes, the economic causes and the ideological causes. The last segment of this dissertation discusses the remedies of the problem of terrorism. The necessary measures and suggestions have been suggested by the author to control the monster of terrorism. These includes to promote a moderate religious approach through education and preaching; to remove the misconception of the west against Islām; to refine our education and teaching methods by including relevant psychology and morality; our youth needs to use their energy in the social welfare activities to save them from becoming a victim of extremists and terrorists for having no purpose of life and for being idle; the Muslim rulers need to get close to their masses and remove alienation; a confident, unanimous condemnation from the responsible circles of the society should be promulgated; the youth must not rebel against their rulers and must not indulge in the matters of excommunication.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Association Studies of Bladder Cancer Patients

There are a growing number of studies conducted in different parts of the world to understand the genetic etiology of urinary bladder cancer (UBC), which is a life- threatening disorder. Therefore to find the susceptible genetic loci we conducted a case-control genetic association study on Pakistani urothelial carcinoma patients (N = 200) and healthy controls (N = 200). For this purpose, four types of sequence variations were studied viz. VNTR polymorphism of eNOS, Alu repeat variation of ACE gene, null polymorphisms of GSTT and GSTM genes and selected common variants of GSTP1, MTHFR, PSCA, TNFα, p21, TP53, CYP1B1, XPD, XRCC1, CAV1, PON1, IGFBP3, VEGFA, LEP, LEPR, PPARγ genes as well as intergenic 8q24 region. In addition to an overall risk assessment, these polymorphisms were also analyzed with respect to the smoking status as well as with respect to tumor grade and stage. Haplotype-based association analysis of variants residing in linkage disequilibrium were also carried out and a gene-gene interaction was studied with reference to combined genotype analysis of functionally related genes. The risk variants of GSTM, LEPR, ACE, PSCA and 8q24.21 locus (rs9642880 and rs6983267) were found to be associated with significantly higher risk while IGFBP3 variant and haplotypes of CAV1 and MTHFR were found to be associated with reduced risk of UBC in the overall comparison of cases and controls. In the gene-smoking interaction CYP1B1, p21 (Ser allele), ACE and rs9642880 conferred a high UBC risk in smokers while LEPR and PSCA variants were found to be associated with increased risk of bladder oncogenesis in non-smokers only. In addition, p21 (Arg allele) was found to be associated with reduced UBC susceptibility in smokers while IGFBP3 and CAV1 haplotypes protected against urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in non-smokers only. GSTM0 and the risk allele of rs6983267 did not show a gene-smoking interaction because of their significant risk contribution in both smoker and non-smoker groups. With reference to tumor grade and stage, a trend of similar genetic etiologies was observed in low grade and non-invasive tumor, while the high grade and invasive tumor types were also found to have common genetic etiologies which were different from the former group. GSTM0, LEPR and rs9642880 were found to be associated with enhanced risk of low grade as well as non-invasive bladder carcinoma. GSTT0, CAV1, PSCA and PPARγ were found to predispose individuals to an elevated risk of ixhigh grade and invasive tumor. ACE and rs6983267 were non-specifically associated with both low and high grades as well as with non-invasive and invasive tumors. IGFBP3 SNP protected against low and high grade as well as against non-invasive stage. The haplotypes of MTHFR were found to confer a high risk of non-invasive tumor while providing protection against MIBC. In brief, the present study revealed the association of some of the genetic variants to the overall disease susceptibility in addition to some gene-smoking and gene-gene interactions.