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Home > Rise of Religious Extremism After the End of Cold War and its Impacts on Pashtun Nationalism: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1991-2013

Rise of Religious Extremism After the End of Cold War and its Impacts on Pashtun Nationalism: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1991-2013

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Khan, Surat

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Political science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11765/1/Surat%20Khan%20political%20sci%202019%20uop%20peshwr%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724991558

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This study explore the impacts of religious extremism on Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In this thesis, the scholar understand that there is dearth of literature on religious extremism and its Impacts on the Pashtun community. Furthermore, the scholar suggests that the literature on the conflict of religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces in Pakistan in generally and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa particularly amidst heavy debates on the conflicts among the two groups. The scholar oppose that the conflict between religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces directly impacted the Pashtun identity and culture in various fields. For the case of Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the scholar contended that since Afghan war till today the support of religious extremist and militants badly hurt the „Pashtunwali Code‟. Though, the cultural identity and Pashtunwali were not ended, but seriously suppressed from the last four decades. The forcefully injected ideology of religious extremism was not accepted to the Pashtun community and they show strong resistance from time to time against these heinous and self-made ideas and thinking. Thus, the scholar refute either of the two contesting arguments in the literature, one arguing that the impact of religious extremism on Pashtun identity results in softening or hardening of Pashtun culture and identity, while the other argues for no impacts on Pashtun identity. The scholar argue that such different and multiple impacts can also be witnessed on different aspects of Pakistani national identity where national identity is neither lost nor reaffirmed. In this context, the scholar suggest that Islam (religion) is a religion of peace and humanity but why it became a source of destruction for Pashtun nationalism. Moreover, on one side the Pashtun sacrifices their live for peace, stability and interest of the state, on other hand the state is not ready to hug Pashtun community. The establishment of Pakistan with alliance of other countries imported war on Pashtun populated areas for the last forty years, but still they are deprived of their basic necessities and fundamental rights. The extremist and nationalist forces remained always in conflict to each other due to their different of opinion. The scholar argued and mentioned all the causes for promotion of extremist elements and for decline of Pashtun nationalism. The Pashtun nationalism emerged with heavy force after 2015. People started resistance against the extremist forces as well showed serious grievances over the establishment support to these elements. Methodologically, the study is based on ethnographic field work, consisting more than 20 expert and in depth open-ended, semi structured interviews from experts.
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معافی دا پھل

معافی دا پھل

سکولاں وچ گرمی دیاں چھٹیاں سن، عادل اپنی دادی نوں ملن ملتان آیا ہویا سی۔ اوہ چھٹیاں وچ اپنی دادی کول ضرور آندا سی۔ ایس لئی کہ اوس دی دادی اوس نوںبہت پیار کر دے تے کئی شیواں لے کے دیندی سی۔ اک وار دادی نے اوس نوں آکھیا کہ میں بازار توں کجھ گھر دیاں شیواں خریدنیاں نیں۔ توں میرے نال بازار چل۔ عادل تیار ہو گیا۔ دونویں اک رکشے وچ بیٹھے تے بازار آ گئے۔

بازار وچ آ کے پہلاں اوہناں کجھ چیزاں دیاں قیمتاں پچھیاں تے فیر اک وڈے سٹور اندر چلے گئے۔ ایس سٹور تے پھل، سبزیاں، بسکٹ، مٹھائی کپڑے، بالاں دے کھڈوانے تے ضرورت دی ہر شے موجود سی۔ دادی خریداری وچ مصروف ہو گئی تے عادل اوتھے موجود شیواں نوں ویکھن لگ پیا۔ مٹھائی والے کائونٹر اگوں لنگھدے ہویاں۔ اوس دا مٹھائی کھاون نوں دل کیتا۔ اوس ادھر اُدھر ویکھیا۔ جدوں اوس نوں یقین ہو گیا کہ اوس نوں کوئی نئیں ویکھ رہیا تاں اوس اک گلاب جامن چک کے کھا لیا۔ جدوں اوس دی دادی مٹھائی والے کائونٹر کولوں لنگھی تاں عادل اوتھے ای کھڑا منہ ہلا رہیا سی تے شیرہ اوس دے منہ اتے لگا ہویا سی۔ اوس دی دادی فوراً اوس سٹور توں باہر لے کے آئی تے پچھیا کہ توں کیہ کھاہدا اے؟ اوس جواب دتا کجھ وی نئیں۔ دادی نے پچھیا کیہ توں مٹھائی کھاہدی اے؟ اوس جواب دتا جی دادی اماں، دادی اماں نے پچھیا کیہ ایس سٹور توں چک کے کھاہدی اے؟ اوس آکھیا جی ہاں۔ دادی نے پچھیا توں سٹور والے دی اجازت توں بغیر کھاہدی اے؟ اوس آکھیا جی ہاں، دادی نے آکھیا جا کے سٹور والے کولوں معافی منگ تے نالے پیسے ادا کر۔ عادل کیہندا اے کہ جے میں اوس نوں...

The Issue of Human Cloning: A Review in Semitic Religions’ Context

Human cloning has emerged as a new and innovative technology in the reproductive and therapeutic science in the recent past. So far it has not been practiced over human beings but owing to its huge potential and possible scope, it has attracted the attention of not only the masses (particularly the infertile couples and LGBTQs etc) but the other stakeholders including the religious scholars from worlds’ prominent religions have given their views on this technology in order to guide their followers. This paper examines and reviews the religious points of view on human cloning. For this purpose, three Semitic religions in the world i-e Judaism, Christianity, and Islām have been examined. As far as Islam is concerned, this portion has been divided into two broad sections elaborating the Shī‘ah and Sunnī schools’ opinions. Being an innovative topic, the religious teachings do not address it directly hence the injunctions related to the reproduction are most relevant to it. Three Semitic religions have been examined from the perspective of admissibility or non-admissibility of human cloning, the rationale behind the verdict on human cloning and the possible solutions to the issues and problems faced by the followers in the case of acceptance or rejection of this biomedical technology. Most of the religions emphasize over adaptability of the natural mode of reproduction only, where male and female genders contribute to the reproductive cycle. The Semitic religions reject the reproductive cloning generally. The religious experts need to conduct more focused and updated research before coming to any conclusion about the permissibility or non-permissibility of this technique.

Studies on Cellulases and Xylanases of Indigenous Yeast Strains

Lignocellulose (LC), a composite of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is considered as naturally occurring chemical feedstock. Pakistan being an agricultural country, generates huge amounts of LC substrates in the form of agricultural waste. Global demand for chemicals and insufficient supply of energy in Pakistan, necessitates comprehensive studies on the utilization of LC substrates. LC materials can be used as substrate for the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) including industrially important enzymes, cellulase and xylanase. At present, bacteria and filamentous fungi are employed for the production of cellulases and xylanase on large scale, whereas, very few yeasts have been studied in this regard. Keeping in view the importance of yeast cellulase and xylanase, the present study was conducted on isolation, production and characterization and possible biotechnological application of indigenous yeast strains. The study was initiated with the isolation of yeast strains from environmental samples and retrieval from culture collection available at the Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi. Total 225 yeast strains were subjected to qualitative screening, as well as, quantitative screening for cellulase and xylanase. On the basis of titers of the enzymes, three yeast strains were selected for further studies, MK-157 and MK-160, for endoglucanase (EG) and Xylanase (Xyl) production, repectively, while MK-118 for EG, β-glucosidase (BGL) and Xyl production. The strain, MK-157, was identified on morphological and biochemical basis as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and was confirmed on molecular basis using ITS primer and species specific primers. Production of EG from S. cerevisiae MK-157 was optimized through shake flask method by adopting one factor at a time (OFAT) strategy. Maximum production of EG from MK-157 was obtained at 30 °C with media pH 7.0 and 1% CMC. EG from MK-157 was characterized and the data revealed that enzyme optimally active at 30 °C under acidic pH in the presence of 1% CMC. The gene encoding EG was isolated, sequenced and submitted to Genbank with accession number MF871644 and KY660547. The strain, MK-160, was identified on morphological, cultural and biochemical basis as Candida tropicalis. The optimized conditions for Xyl production from MK-160 were temperature, 40 °C; pH, 7; and substrate concentration, 0.5%. Optimal activity of Xyl from MK-160 was observed at 40 °C under acidic condition and with 2% of beechwood xylan. Likewise, the strain, MK-118, was identified as C. tropicalison on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical tests. MK-118 was studied for coproduction of EG, BGL and Xyl. Production of all the three enzymes from C. tropicalis MK-118 was optimized, separately. Production parameters varied greatly for individual enzyme. Such as for EG and BGL production, cultivation at 40 °C under neutral conditions was maximum while 25 °C with acidic condition was considered as suitable for Xyl production. The highest titers of EG, BGL and Xyl from MK-118 were obtained in presence of 0.5% of CMC, 1.5% of salicin and 1% of xylan, respectively. Moreover, the parameters affect differently when enzyme preparations were characterized. The maximum activity of the EG and BGL was noted at 30 °C while Xyl worked optimally at 40 °C. BGL and Xyl from MK-118 showed maximum active with 1.5% salicin and xylan, respectively, while EG exhibited highest activity with 2% of CMC. Selected yeast strains and their enzymes were also studied for their possible biotechnological application. S. cerevisiae MK-157, C. tropicalis MK-118 and MK-160 were cultivated under submerged fermentation (SmF) of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and wheat bran (WB) and found to produce a multienzyme comprised of EG, BGL and Xyl. Under SSF of SB, the strains MK-157 and MK-118 were cultivated along with a pectinolytic strain, Geotrichum candidum AA-15 that led to significant increase in the production of pectinase. Similarly, the production of multienzyme preparation by the strains MK-118, MK-157 and MK-160 was also studied under solid-state fermentation (SSF) of peels of Citrus limetta (CL). The parameters affecting multienzyme preparation were studied by employing statistical tools, Plackett-Burman Design and Box-Behnken Design. The data inferred that the multienzyme preparation was able to efficiently hydrolyze a variety of pectin-rich and cellulose-rich LC substrates. Moreover, the preparation was also found suitable to be applied for the clarification of orange juice. Ethanol production and dye adsorption ability of strain MK-157 of S. cerevisiae, MK-118 and MK-160 of C. tropicalis were also evaluated. All the three strains produced ~5% of ethanol and absorbed more than 90% of an azo dye, congo red from aqueous solution. Therefore, the strains may appear as suitable candidate for future biotechnological applications.