موضوع6: سر سید تحریک ایک رجحان ساز تحریک
اگر انیسویں صدی کے آخر میں اردو ادب کا جائزہ لیں تو ہمیں سر سید تحریک میں کچھ نئے رجحانات نظر آتے ہیں۔ جنہوں نے بدلتے ہوئے حالات کے مطابق ادب سے اصلاح کا کام لینا شروع کیا۔ یہ دور مسلمانوں کی غلامی کا دور تھا اور انگریزوں نے مسلمانوں سے حکومت چھین لی تھی اور ۷۵۸۱ئ کی جنگ آزادی کے بعد جب مسلمان حکومت سے ہاتھ دھو بیٹھے اور انگریز ہندوستان کی حکومت کے مالک بن بیٹھے تو مسلمانوں کا جینا دوبھر ہوگیا۔ہندوؤں اور انگریزوں نے مل کر ان پر طرح طرح کے ظلم کرنے شروع کر دیے۔ اسی مشکل گھڑی میں سرسید احمد خان جیسے لوگ مسلمانوں کی اس ڈوبتی کشتی کو سنبھالا دینے کے لیے آگے بڑھے۔
سر سید احمد خان کے ساتھ ان کے کچھ دوست احباب اس میں شامل ہوگئے جن میں نمایاں نام ڈپٹی نذیر احمد ،محمد حسین آزاد ،الطاف حسین حالی، مولانا شبلی نعمانی، وقار الملک،محسن الملک وغیرہ جیسے لوگوں نے علی گڑھ تحریک کے زیر اثر ایسا ادب تخلیق کیا۔ جس کا مقصد مسلمانوں کو ان کے مسائل سے نکال کر اس قابل کرنا تھا کہ وہ انگریزوں اور ہندوؤں سے اپنے حقوق حاصل کرسکیں اور خود کو اس قابل بنا سکیں کہ وہ خود کو ترقی یافتہ قوموں کے برابر کامیاب کر سکیں۔ اس ادبی تحریک کے تحت مختلف اصناف ادب تخلیق کیے گئے۔تحریک ادب پر کام کرنے والوں میں نمایاں نام حالی، شبلی، محمد حسین آزاد وغیرہ کے نام لیے جا سکتے ہیں۔
علی گڑھ تحریک اور سوانح عمری:
" حیات سعدی"," یادگارغالب" اور "حیات جاوید" ایسے عظیم لوگوں کی سوانح حیات تھی جن کی زندگی ہمارے لیے بہترین نمونہ ہے ان کے لکھنے کا مقصد بھی یہی تھا کہ نئی نسل کو ان عظیم لوگوں سے متعارف...
‘Adl and Qisṭ is indeed a manifestation of God’s mercy, rather, it may also be seen as a principal objective of Shariʿah. The origin or sources of administration of justice in Islām are the Quran, Sunnah of the holy Prophet, consensus of opinions of the jurists of Islamic jurisprudence and Analogy (Qiyās). Justice is a sacred obligation of supererogatory. It is obligatory upon the Muslim rulers to appoint judges for the dispensation of justice to attain equality, to protect the human rights from their violation, to safeguard the lives and properties, and to maintain law and order in society. As a judge is supposed to accomplish a very important and noble task being a regent of Allāh, hence, some vital merits and criteria regarding the conditions and qualifications for the appointment of the Qāḍī or judge in the light of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence and the code of conduct for the Pakistani judges must be observed at all costs. The author of this paper has discussed these conditions and qualifications in this article. There are some unanimous conditions for the appointment of judges, while some others are not agreed upon. While presenting the difference of opinions of the Islamic jurists, the author tried to explain, reconcile the opinions and at some places presented her own view in the light of her analysis and arguments. These conditions are around thirty, but the author according to her own discretion chose some of the most important ones to discuss in this paper.
This study aimed to explore the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in school management functions and finding the status of the ICT resources at private secondary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. This research explored the understanding of the school stakeholders (principals, administer, finance officer, IT officer and teachers) that how far ICT has assisted to bring improvements in school management and what strategies used to overcome the challenges encountered by the school stakeholders while attaining school management functions (SMFs). The finding revealed that the private secondary schools has installed numerous ICT resources, and the level of ICT integration was intermediary. ICT has encouraged the administration and finance staff to upgrade the existing data management platforms, as it has eased to acquire, store, retrieve large data in just a few clicks, and bring a major shift in the attainment of school management functions like communication, record keeping and reporting. It has also assisted to enforce security and maintain the discipline of school in the form of security CCTV cameras and electronic attendance systems. However, numerous barriers had huge effect on the job performance of the senior stakeholders and efficiency of school management. School stakeholders were quite proficient, who use different strategies to overcome the challenges, where the development of self-sufficient individuals through capacity building sessions was the ultimate goal of school principals. The strategies used to overcome the challenges were found helpful. Overall, ICTs has revolutionized the working environment of school management and improved its efficiency. It is recommended that school management must ensure barrier-free ICT application and arrangement of professional development workshops to enhance the ICT skills. Finally, this study offers empirical evidences to the schools and suggests ways to implement appropriate strategies to overcome the challenges and help them to ensure barrier-free ICT application in the school management.