Tahir Abbas
PhD
Government College University
Faisalabad
Punjab
Pakistan
2017
Completed
Environmental Sciences
English
http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/14423/1/Tahir%20Abbas%20Ph.D%20Thesis.pdf
2021-02-17 19:49:13
2024-03-24 20:25:49
1676724994296
تنقید:
تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔ جس کے عام معنی اخراج کے ہیں۔نورالغات میں مولوی نورالحسن نے اس کی تعریف یوں کی ہے:
"کھوٹا کھرا پرکھنا یا جانچ کرنا۔ایسی جانچ جو ضعیف اور مشکوک چیزوں کو الگ کردے یعنی اچھے اور برے کی تمیز کرنا"
اردو ادب میں اس کے مترادف لفظ تنقید استعمال ہوتا ہے لیکن انگریزی میں اس کے مترادف لفظ Criticism استعمال ہوتا ہے۔بعض اوقات اس کے لیے نقد یا انتقاد کے الفاظ بھی استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔حامداللہ افسرنے اسی تناظر میں اپنی کتاب "تنقیدی اصول و نظریے" پہلے نقد الادب کے نام سے شائع کی۔ان کی ایک کتاب" انتقاد" اور دوسری "اصول انتقاد ادبیات" کے نام سے شائع ہوئی لیکن ہمارے معاشرے میں اکثریت کے ساتھ چلنا پڑتا ہے۔لہذا حامداللہ افسر اس نتیجے پر پہنچے کہ چونکہ اکثریت اس طرف جا رہی ہے تو میں چونکہ اس کو نام نقد یا انتقاد دینا چاہ رہا ہوں تو شاید کامیاب نہ ہو سکوں تو انہوں نے اپنی کتاب کا نام تبدیل کیا اور اسی کتاب کو پھر شائع کیا اور اس کا نام رکھا" تنقیدی اصول و نظریے"۔
حامد اللہ افسر کی اس کے بارے میں رائے یہ ہے کہ وہ کیوں اس طرف آئے۔وہ کہتے ہیں :
"لفظ تنقید عربی صرف و نحو کے اعتبار سے صحیح نہیں ہے جس کی جگہ نقد یا انتقاد ہونا چاہیئے۔لیکن اردو ادب میں اب یہ لفظ رائج ہو گیا ہے۔اس کی جگہ کسی دوسریلفظ کا استعمال مناسب نہ ہوگا۔جہاں تک اردو زبان کا سوال ہے اسے صحیح سمجھنا چاہیئے۔"
ادبی اصطلاحات کا تعارف" کے صفحہ 167 پر مصنف ابوالاعجاز صدیقی کی رائے یہ ہے :
"تنقید اصل میں کسی بھی فن پارے کو ذاتی پسندو ناپسند سے بالا ہو کر پرکھنے اور جانچنیکا نام ہے۔تنقید کسی ادب کے فنی محاسن کی پرکھ کا نام ہے"جوا اور اس کے انسان کی معاشی اور معاشرتی زندگی پر پڑنے والے اثرات اور اسلامی تعلیمات کا مطالعہ
Among the prohibited actions, gambling is on the top. There is definite prohibition in many verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the prophet. Despite such strict prohibitions by Islam, the gambling has been entered in economy in different shapes. Among the different types of gambling, some forms are very clear, every one considers it wrong, whereas some kinds of gambling are not considered wrong by the peoples. Whatever the name of gambling is, it is illegal and immoral, because changing name doesnot change its reality. Every type of gambling creates destruction in society and economy and brings various evils with it. Gambling makes man greedy, miser, lover of money, jealousy, wastage of time and money. Such evils takes men away from generosity and worship of Allah, carelesness in his duties and man becomes immoral and irrespossible. Therefore, in any society where gambling is spread, the concept of peace, love, humanity bacomes meaning less. As a result, the poor get poorer and the rich grow richer. A Randomized Control Trial to Assess the Effect of Aketamineinfusion on Tourniquet Hypertension During General Anaesthesia in Patients Undergoing Upper and Lower Limb Surgery
Background: Tourniquet hypertension arising from tourniquet inflation remains of primary concern to the anaesthetist. One drug commonly used to manage tourniquet hypertension is ketamine. Several studies show that ketamine attenuated the blood pressure rise associated with tourniquet inflation. None of the studies carried out examined the effect of ketamine on tourniquet hypertension for a period of more than one hour or an infusion of the same. Objective: To compare the effect of an intravenous infusion of ketamine, versus placebo on tourniquet induced hypertension in patients undergoing upper and lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia Study design: Single blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Study setting: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya Methods: Forty six adult patients scheduled for upper and lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia were randomized into two equal groups. The first group (referred to as the ketamine group), received an intravenous bolus of 0.1mg/kg of ketamine in a 10ml syringe followed by an infusion of 2ug/kg/min of ketamine in a 20ml syringe. The second group (referred to as the saline group) received an intravenous bolus of physiological saline in a 10ml syringe followed by an infusion of saline in a 20ml syringe. All the patients were reviewed post operatively. Data of the baseline characteristics, haemodynamic changes, post tourniquet pain and side effects were collected. If post tourniquet pain was present post-operatively, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess its severity. Results: 46 patients were entered into the study and all successfully completed the trial. There were no significant differences between the groups for baseline patient demographics. The incidence of tourniquet hypertension was higher in the saline group (26.1%) as compared with ketamine group (4.6%) with a 95% confidence interval. The difference was shown to be statistically significant (‘P’<0.05) There was an increase in systolic blood pressure after 60 minutes of tourniquet inflation in the saline group but the difference was not statistically significant(‘P’>0.866). There were no significant differences between the groups as regards, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. VAS scores did not differ between the two groups. Statistically there was no difference found between the two groups. Side effects were minimal in the ketamine group whilst in the saline group nausea and vomiting was predominant but was also not statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it was found that there was a difference in the proportion of hypertension after tourniquet inflation