The current study was to identify the role of distance learning in promoting tertiary women education in southern Punjab. Main objective were: to explore the promotion of women education in southern Punjab, explain the contributions of distance learning in promoting women education in Southern Punjab, identify the problems involved in promoting women education in Southern Punjab and suggest remedial means to alleviate the problems involved in distance learning in promoting women education in Southern Punjab. This descriptive study was delimited to Allama Iqbal Open University as distance learning institution only for M.A/M.Sc level. Session spring and autumn semester 2015 regional Offices of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan districts. The sample of the study consisted of female students, tutors and RDs/DRDs. Total sample of 675 students, 85 tutors and 8 RDs/DRDs was taken. Three questionnaires as tools were used for the exploration of role of distance learning in promoting tertiary women education in southern Punjab. The data analyzed the factor analysis with Varimax Rotation Yielded 6,6 and 4 factors respectively for students, tutors and RDs/DRDs data sets. Frequency, percentage of responses on each item of the factor and then factor on the whole, mean score of each factor were calculated. The study established that there existed a difference in the attention given to those in the urban centers, who were closer to reach and those who were far to reach in terms of distribution of study materials and feedback on students assignments and examinations. The centers are used as information centers and are meant for individual and group tutoring. The current media services used in Open and distance learning in Pakistan include print (postal and other delivery modes). Electronic (radio, telephone, audio tapes, CDs, TV, computers, internet) media which are important in the delivery of these program have not been fully embraced. It is recommended that extra-curricular activities are not managed by the RDs/DRDs therefore it is requested that RDs/DRDs must manage the extracurricular activities in their region. In the standard way of action the tutorial meetings record is maintained by RDs/DRDs in their regions. But the findings of the current studies show that RDs/DRDs are not maintaining the record of the tutorial meetings of their regions. RDs/DRDs are recommended to maintain the above stated record.
4۔ شہادت کی ضرورت و اہمیت کسی بھی تنارع میں فریقین کے لیے شہاد ت کا کردار بہت اہمیت کا حامل ہے ، کیونکہ مدعی (دعویٰ دار) کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ ثبوت مہیا کرے ۔ بینہ ایک جامع لفظ ہے ، جس کی ایک قسم گواہی ہے۔قرآن ، حدیث اور اقوال صحابہ کرام میں جہاں جہاں بینۃ کا لفظ استعمال ہوا ہے ، اس سے مراد وہ چیز ہے جو حق کو پورے طور پر واضح کردے ۔ اکثر ثبوت کے طور پر شہاد ت یا گواہی آتی ہے ، جیسا کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا "الْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى الْمُدَّعِى وَالْيَمِينَ عَلَى مَنْ أَنْكَرَ۔"374 "مدعی کے ذمے بَینہ (گواہ) ہے اور منکرپر قسم۔" معلوم ہو ا کہ مدعی اپنے دعویٰ کے ثبوت یا اپنے کسی حق کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے حاکم اسلام/قاضی کی عدالت میں کسی ایسے واضح ثبوت کو یا ایسے شخص کو پیش کرے جو اس کے دعویٰ کی تصدیق کرے۔ لفظ" شہادت " کسی کی تصدیق کرنے یا سچی خبر دینے کوبھی کہتے ہیں۔ شہادت شرعاً ایک خاص منصب اور دینی فریضہ ہے۔ اس لیے ہر شخص نہ تو اس کا اہل ہے اور نہ ہی ہر کوئی گواہی کے لیے موزوں۔ اس کے اہل صرف وہی شخص ہے جن کی سیرت و کردار پر معاشرے کو اطمینان ہو اور جو اپنے اخلاق و دیانت کے لحاظ سے عموماً لوگوں کے درمیان قابل اعتماد سمجھا جاتا ہو۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ قاذف کی گواہی قابل قبول نہیں۔ اسلام نے سچی گواہی دینے پر زور دیا ہے ۔ مدعی کے طلب کرنے پر گواہی دینا لازم ہے بلکہ اگر گواہ کو اندیشہ ہو کہ اگر میں نے گواہی نہ دی تو صاحب حق کا حق ضائع ہوجائے گا ۔مدعی کو اگر معلوم نہ ہو کہ فلاں شخص معاملے کو جانتا...
The concept of coherence is not only a semantics one that exists within the meaning of text; it refers to grammatical continuity of a text that accurs within surface and deep structure of the discourse، and that define it as a text/discourse. That is why the study of coherence is important in textual linguistics، especially in the Text of Holy Qur’ān. Therefore the ancient researchers have chosen it in different ways in the Qur’ānic textual analysis. The ancient Arab started the study of Coherence to prove the Qur’ānic text as “Moʻjiza” and “iʻjāz” because of its organization and arrangement of text according the “Naẓm” “Insijām” “Ittisāq” “Iltiḥām” and many others. The English term that substitutes these terms is just Cohesion and Coherence. So we can say that the Arab were doing well about the discourse/textual analysis of the texts, especially the Qur’ānic textual coherence was their main goal. The Article aims to explore the main roots، elements and aspects of textual coherence in Arabic language. This work differ from previous works in many aspects as it focuses on the concept of coherence and its various aspects particularly in terms of the coherence in Arabic Language in the light of Qur’ānic text.
Newcastle disease (ND) is considered as a highly infectious disease of poultry worldwide. The commercial broiler industry is highly susceptible to virulent NDV, the data indicating heavy losses and documentary proof is available on NDV surveillance program. However, a little is known regarding the maintenance and enzootic trends of vNDV infection level in domestic and wild birds. Poor vaccination strategy as well as the existence of virulent form of NDV in the domestic birds indicates a root cause of the occurrence of disease eruption in the developing countries. Here, we report the eleven complete genome sequences of NDV from lovebird parrot (n=1) and exotic parakeets (n=3), backyard chickens (n=5), peacock (n=1) and pheasant (n=1). The complete genome lengths of all isolates were 15,192 nucleotides (nt) with same virulenceassociated cleavage site (112-RRQKRF-117) and selected ones have intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values ranging from 1.50 to 1.86, which is typical of vNDV. The deduced amino acid residues analyses have shown a number of substitution mutations in the functional domains of fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed all NDV isolates belong to sub-genotypes VIIi within the genotype VII of class II. The isolation of highly similar viruses (98-99%) during 2011-16 provides the evidence of an epidemiological links between poultry, domestic and wild birds. Our results also support the existence of fifth panzootic as these viruses primarily isolated from South Asia, Middle East and Indonesia and recently spread into Eastern Europe. Active surveillance of these newly emerging viruses to determine their evolution is one of the most realistic strategies for preventing and controlling NDV outbreaks.