استنباط احکام میں حضرت عائشہ کا منہج قرآن کریم کی روشنی میں

In this article an effort has been made to describe Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) ’s methodology of derivation of Ahk฀m from Holy Quran. Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (S. A. W) is basic source of Islamic Shar฀‘ah. Hazrat ‘฀ishah Sidd฀qah (R. A) was the wife of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W), and the daughter of Hazrat Ab฀ Bakr (R. A). She spent her time in learning and acquiring knowledge of the two most important sources of Islam, the Qur'an and the Sunnah of His Prophet (S. A. W). Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) narrated 2210 Ah฀d฀th out of which 174 Ah฀d฀th are commonly agreed upon by Bukh฀ri and Muslim. She was an ardent and zealous student of Islamic jurisprudence. She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Umm Al-Mu’min฀n Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a great scholar and interpreter of Islam, providing guidance to even the greatest of the Companions (R. A) of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S. A. W). She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Whenever necessary, she corrected the views of the greatest of the Companions of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W). It is thus recognized, from the earliest times in Islam, that about one-fourth of Islamic Shar฀‘ah is based on reports and interpretations that have come from Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A). As a teacher she had a clear and persuasive manner of speech. Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a role model for women. She taught Islam many people. She was an authority on many matters of Islamic Law, especially those concerning women.

Scattering from Different Geometries in the Presence of Topological Insulator and Metamaterials

Kobayashi potential is a semi-analytical method frequently used to solve scattering problems mainly related to geometries containing strip, grating, aperture, disk. Kobayashi potential method has been applied in this dissertation for solving scattering problems. According to Kobayashi potential method, longitudinal component of the unknown scattered field is assumed in terms of unknown weighting functions. Moreover, use of the relevant boundary conditions of discussed problems leads to the formation of algebraic equations and dual integral equations. Further, Integrands of the dual integral equations are expanded in terms of the characteristic functions with unknown expansion coefficients which must satisfy, simultaneously, the required edge and boundary conditions. The expressions derived from expansion of the integrands are combined with algebraic equations in order to express the unknown weighting function in terms of unknown expansion coefficients. The weighting functions, in terms of expansion coefficients, are then substituted in the dual integral equations. Moreover, the projection treatment is applied using properties of the Jacobi polynomials which yields matrix equation being solved numerically for unknown expansion coefficients. The far-zone field expressions have been derived using Saddle point method of integration. Finally, the scattered field has been calculated with aid of matrix equation. In this dissertation, scattering from a canonical object has been investigated by using Kobayashi potential method. Different geometries have been considered in this aspect. In the start of this dissertation, perfectly conducting strip has been placed inside of unbounded topological insulator medium. Additionally, an impedance strip has been taken as canonical object surrounded with topological insulator medium. Furthermore, a planar interface of topological insulator and chiral medium has been examined with presence of perfectly conducting strip. Finally, another planar interface with different non-integer dimensional dielectric media has been observed. These different geometries have been worked out analytically by using Kobayashi potential method. The geometries have been ex- 6 cited by plane wave. The numerical results have been plotted by applying Matlab software and subsequent discussion has also been made in this regard. Different parameters have been considered as special parameters for different geometries namely topological, impedance, chirality, non-integer dimensional parameters. In the end of the dissertation, conclusions along with directions for future researchers have been discussed.