The cut throat competition, economic dependency and scarcity of resources pressurize the organizations to opt for restructuring. Restructuring has been one of the main areas of policy making in developed countries and transition economies but little evidence is available regarding developing countries. Now the trend has set in to adopt the same strategies in the developing countries as well. Mostly organizations go for downsizing to avoid the negative effect of the operations and to avoid low profitability. Research on the effects of downsizing has focused on global, organizational and the individual levels. However, this research, conducted at the individual level, focuses specifically on the after effects of downsizing on the survivors. Downsizing refers to activities undertaken by management to improve the efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness of the organization by reducing the workforce size. The researchers across the globe have explained the types of response one can expect from survivors of organizational downsizing. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship of several variables effecting survivors. This is accomplished by systematically analyzing the responses of layoff survivors. This study examines how the perceived workload increase affects the actual role overload of layoff survivors. Moreover, this study examines the effects of role overload on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and work - life balance of layoff survivors. How perceived work - life balance effects their job and life satisfaction, retention and organizational commitment. Study also looks into the relationship of job satisfaction and life satisfaction, retention and organizational commitment with layoff survivors’ productivity using questionnaire. The data was obtained form the layoff survivors working in two major organizations of the country including Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) and Habib Bank Limited (HBL). These organizations laid - off their employees in the recent past. Path analysis, a segment of structural equation modeling is used to test the model and the hypothesis. The results of the study are based on 450 responses retrieved from layoff survivors. Mostly the measures for the assessment of the variables included in the study are adopted from the previous available research studies but a few minor changes are made as per requirements of the study. The findings show that higher level of perceived work loads are positively related to role overload, a type of stress, and role overload negatively affects the work - life balance, job satisfaction and life satisfaction of layoff survivors. Rational quantity of workload is necessary for ensuring employee performance where as the excessive workload harms productivity. The work - life balance practices in the organization positively effect job satisfaction, retention of layoff survivors in the same organization, their organizational commitment and life satisfaction. Finally the job and life satisfaction, retention and commitment of layoff survivors effect their productivity positively. This study is beneficial for the organizations going for downsizing; to manage their activities and employee related issues regarding work, life and employee productivity.
خلیق ٹونکی خطاطی کی دنیا کے ممتاز وعظیم فنکار جناب خلیق ٹونکی جون ۱۹۹۴ء میں طویل علالت کے بعد رحلت فرماگئے۔انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مرحوم خلیق ٹونکی فن خطاطی میں اعلیٰ شہرت کے مالک تھے اس کے علاوہ مرحوم میں بڑی خوبیاں تھیں، صوم وصلٰوۃ کے پابند تھے، منکسر المزاج تھے، اخلاق کریمانہ کے مالک تھے۔ اور مفکرمِلّت حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانی ؒ کے شیدائی اور معتقد تھے۔ حضرت مفتی صاحبؒ نے ان کے فن کونکھارنے میں بڑا تعاو ن کیا۔ ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین اوراس کے رسالے ’’برہان‘‘ ہی سے انہوں نے فنِ کتابت کی ابتدا ء کی۔ قبلہ مفتی صاحبؒ نے ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین اوراس کے رسالے ’’برہان‘‘ کے لیے کتابت وطباعت میں ہمیشہ ہی اعلیٰ معیار کو برقرار رکھنے کی بھرپور کوشش کی۔اسی لیے انہوں نے ہندوستان کے اعلیٰ فنکاروں کوکھوج کھوج کرچُن چُن کرادارہ میں جمع کیا۔جناب آل حسنؒ، جناب محمد یوسفؒ، جناب عبدالقیوم ؒ اور خلیق ٹونکی کوبحیثیت کاتب کے ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین میں رکھا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ کے فضل سے خلیق تونکی کتابت کی دنیا میں شہرت کی بلندی پر پہنچے، سرکاری ایوارڈ بھی انھیں حاصل ہوئے، ملک اور بیرونِ ملک میں ان کے ہزاروں شاگرد موجود ہیں۔ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین کی کئی کتابیں ان ہی کی کتابت کی ہوئی ہیں۔ ادارہ کی مشہور کتابیں’ مصباح اللغات‘ اور’ قصص القرآن‘ جناب خلیق ٹونکی ہی کی کتابت کی ہوئی ہیں۔ انھیں ہمیشہ ہی اس بات کا اعتراف رہاکہ ان کی کامیابی وشہرت میں بفضلِ خدا حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانیؒ اوران کے ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین کابڑا ہاتھ رہاہے۔اسی لیے وہ ہمیشہ ہی ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین اوراس کے ڈائرکٹر راقم الحروف عمیدالرحمن عثمانی سے زندگی کے آخری لمحے تک والہانہ لگاؤ وعقیدت رکھتے تھے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ انھیں کروٹ کروٹ جنّت نصیب فرمائے اور متعلقین کوصبر جمیل عطاکرے۔ ’’آمین ثم آمین‘‘ اور ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین...
Farmers predominantly belong to lower class of the society, particularly in developing and under developing countries. This actuality really put them on back-foot in every sphere of life, including their various agricultural activities. For instance, they always face problems to fulfil their agricultural requirement, both for crop and non crop activities, and hence, not in position to get utmost benefits from their efforts. Being citizens of a developing country, Pakistani farmers come across the identical situation. As they are Muslims, therefore, avoid securing interest based loan from the financial institutions. Islamic financial system provides an alternate to such interest based arrangement in the shape of various financing techniques. Among these, Istisnā’ (manufacturing) is the most important one which can be used effectively for the fulfilment of various agricultural requirements. However, its role is more dominant in the satisfaction of non crop agricultural activities that is for example, manufacturing of some heavy agricultural machinery and equipments, installation of tube-wells and channels for appropriate irrigation system, construction of small houses for farmers in their lands etc. The present work discusses the theoretical background of this mode, available in the scholarly work of classical and contemporary Muslim jurists’ work, followed by the description that how it can be used for financing various sectors of agriculture. Study reveals the transaction is equally viable for the development of all sectors of agriculture like local farming, fish farming, dairy farming, poultry farming, horticulture etc. The intended results can be achieved when the financial institutions apply the transaction in its true spirit and philosophies envisaged for it by Islamic commercial law, and not mere a source of earning profit.
A Stylistic Analysis of The Headlines of Leading Pakistani English Dailies This research is based on the stylistics analysis of the headlines of Pakistan's English language newspapers. It is a purely descriptive study and has employed the theoretical framework of Chomsky's Transformational Generative Grammar. Many concomitant newspapers publish a common piece of news with stylistically different composition of words yet convey the same piece of information. This research has aimed to prove that newspaper headlines of Pakistani English dailies emerge under the influence of Noam Chomsky's Transformational Rules to produce quality headlines. In its philosophical aspect, this research is deductive and quantitative hence follows the positivist paradigm. A stylistic analysis of headlines of three Pakistani English dailies; Dawn, the News, and the Express Tribune, is conducted. The researcher has applied Chomsky's Transformational Processes (deletion, addition, substitution, rearrangement) (Chomsky N., 1967) and the Generative Transformations as stated by Nilsen in "Transformational Process; an oversimplified review" (Nilsen, 1977) on the headlines of the chosen dailies. He has found that the headlines are stylistically different yet represent the same piece of news, as Generative Transformations represent that a common idea or issue can be conveyed using stylistic variations. Headlines are compiled in the form of sets (34 sets) from the three dailies. The headlines of Dawn are used as untransformed headlines and are compared with the Express Tribune (Part I) and the News (Part II) as transformed headlines. Tree diagrams have been used to show the presence of transformations. ANOVA and T test are applied and sufficient evidence of the presence of stylistic transformationsisfound.ThissuccessfulpresenceofTransformationalProcessofGenerative Transformations has proved that the Transformational Generative Grammar is applicable to study that stylistic variations enable headlines of newspapers to share a common issue.