Considering the enormous benefits of incorating crop residues (CR) and directly seeded rice (DSR), two-year field studies on a permanent layout to investigate the dynamics of salts and phosphorus (P) alongwith CR incorporation and P application under DSR grown in marginal salt-affected soils were conducted during 2011-2012. Different naturally salt-affected fields (one saline-sodic having ECe=6.68 dS/m-1; pHs=.8.59; S.A.R=17.98 (m.mol.cL-.1)1/2; extractable Pi=3.92 mgramkg-1; Sandy Loamy) at Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindi Bhattian and the other at farmers field (saline soil having the ECe=4.59 dS/m-1; pHs=8.38; S.A.R.=.6.57 (m.molcL-1)1/2; extractablesP=4.07 mgramkg-1; Sandy Clay Loam) in Hafizabad district were selected. Prior to field studies, an incubation study on P availability in the same (saline and saline-sodic) soils with and without CR was conducted for four months (120 days) under controlled laboratory conditions. A two factor factorial CRD design was executed within 3 repeats. Roughly ground dried straw of wheiat’s (.11gmkg.-1 isoil) wasth uniformly incorporated in these experimental spotts of incubation. The prepared soil was transferred to the respective pots (11kg capacity) of incubation after mixing P fertilizers@r.20,.40sands60 mgramP2O5perkg-1 ofssoils ass triple super phosphate. The soil was sampled periodically= (0, 30, 60, 90 land 120-days) after starting incubation for the analysis of ECe, SAR and Piavailabeility. Afters 60-days of incubation startng, the saline and saline-sodic both soil.s preserved 39% and 41%, respectively more P in avail.able formsswith the P application @ 60 m.gramP2O5perkg-1 under incorporating CR. Over.all, CR incorporations note only enhanced Pi availability butt al.so reduced E.Ce (2% sand 6%) and S.AR (5% and 4%) off bother saline-sodic and saline soils, respectively. Two studies were planned under naturally salt-affected fields under splitsploteddesign having 3 repeats. The incorporating CR (with and without) @ 2 tons per ha for both crops (wheat and DSR) was in main plots while application of P2O5 (.0, 40, 80 and 1.20 m.gramkg-1) was applied in subsplots. Before sowing, booting stage and after the harvest of each crop, samples of soil were collected for the analysis of ECe, SAR and pH. After the harvest of final DSR crop grown under saline-sodic soil, a significant reduction in ECe (39%), SAR (25%) and pH (5%) of saline-sodic surface soil (0-15cm) was observed due to CR addition over control (without CR). Plant available P, K and Ca were also significantly 1 improved owing to CR incorporation while a considerable decrease in Na contents (22%) of the surface soil (0-15cm) was observed with continuous CR incorporation for consecutive 2-years. Oneant averagesoff 2-years, maximum paddy/yields (2.752 ton per ha) was harvested from saline-sodic soil with the applicationsof 80 kgramP2O5 ha-1 under C.Rsincorporation and wastcomparable with higher rate (.120 kgramP2O5ramha-1) of P application with none of the C.Rsincorporations. Conttinuous C.Rsincorporation for 2 years, 6.0% further improvement in economical yield during the next year was obtained aas compare.dsto no CRsincorporation. A similar trend in improvement of P availability and reduction in salinity (17%) of saline soil (0-15cm) after the harvest of final DSR was experienced with CR incorporation as compared to before the start of study. Overall, a significant increase (22%) over control in DSR paddy grown under saline soil was harvested with the application of 80 kgramP2O5 ha-1 and incorporating CR. Maximum total uptake of P by DSR and wheat crops grown under saline land saline-sodic soil.s were found either with the application of P2O5 @ 80 kgramha-1 + CR incorporationsor 120 kgramP2O5ramha-1–CR. The P concentration in plant tissues of DSR grown under incorporating CR in saline-sodic soil was strongly correlated (r = 0.9196 and r = 0.9237) with yield during 2011 and 2012, respectively. Similarly under saline soil its values were r = 0.8121 and r = 0.9872 for first and second years, respectively. According to economic analysis, each P-application rate along-with .CR incorporations provided the-highestenet-benefits(N-B.), marginal rate of return (MRR) and residual value beings the highest N.B for DSR (Rs.= 92754/- and Rs.=108680/-) and wheat (Rs.=70683/- and Rs.=99362/-) was achieved with .80okgramP2O5 ha-1applications alongwith incorporating CR in both saline as well as in saline.-sodic soils, respectively. Among all Pi application treat.ments without CR incorporations under saline-sodic soil, the maximum MRR (2897 and 2187) and highest residual values (49809 and 39160) for DSR and wheat respectively, wheresobtained withiextend.ed P2O5 applicationsrates (12.0okgramP2O5 ha-1) which were noteagain as mulch assthesapplication off80skgramP2O5 ha-1 along with incorporating CR. Correspondingly, application of P2O5 @180okgramha-1 withi C.R incorporating confirmed also theirhigher values of CosttBenefitedRatios(CB.R) i.e., 3.8 foreDSR lands3.4 forewheatt’ under saline-sodic soil.. A similar trend was observed under saline soil showing 4.6 and 4.0 for DSR and wheat crops, respectively which were moderately high as compared to saline-sodic soil.
علامہ جمیل مظہری علامہ جمیل مظہری اردو کے بلند پایہ شاعر،ادیب اورنقاد تھے، انہوں نے مشرقی ومغربی فلسفہ،ادبیات ومذہبیات اورانسانی فکر و نظر کی تاریخ اورطلسم کدۂ کائنات وحیات کامطالعہ اس عمیق و دقت نظر سے کیا تھا کہ ان پر عالم حیرت طاری ہوگیا اوراس میں تشکیک کارنگ پیدا ہوگیا تھا۔ اس تشکیک نے رمزیت، تفلسف اوراظہار کی ندرت وبرجستگی کے ساتھ آمیز ہوکران کے کلام کوگہری انفرادیت سے ہم آہنگ کردیا تھا۔اس میں کوئی شبہ نہیں ہوسکتا کہ ایک فنکار کی حیثیت سے برصغیر کے شعراء میں وہ ایک ممتاز مرتبۂ ومقام کے مالک تھے لیکن ان کی طبیعت ہنرفروشی جوہنرنمائی کی ایک شاخ ہے ا س سے ہمیشہ سخت متنفر رہے۔ مزاج میں کمال استغناء وبے نیازی کے ساتھ گوشہ گیری وکم آمیزی کی خُو تھی اس لیے ان کو شہرت وعظمت کے دربار میں وہ مقام نہیں ملا جس کے وہ بجا طورپر مستحق تھے۔ افسوس ہے۲۳/جولائی کوان کابھی انتقال اپنے وطن مظفرآباد میں ہوگیا۔مرحوم اوران کے برادرخورد سید امیر رضاکاظمی میرے ان احباب خاص میں تھے جن کی صحبت ومعیت کی وجہ سے کلکتہ میرے لیے باغ وبہار تھا، اس لیے علامہ جمیل مظہری کاانتقال دنیائے شعروادب کاہی ایک سانحہ نہیں، ذاتی طورپر بھی ایک المناک حادثہ ہے۔ اردو کا ایک نوزائیدہ ادبی مجلہ ’’مظہری نمبر‘‘ شائع کررہاہے، اس میں مرحوم پرمیرا مفصل مقالہ بھی ہوگا اس لیے یہاں صرف اس نوٹ پراکتفا کیاجاتا ہے کہ مرحوم حضرت ابوالکلام آزاد کے خاص صحبت یافتہ تھے، ان کو موصوف سے اورموصوف کوان سے ربط و انس خاص تھا۔ ایک مدت تک ادھر ادھر تلاش معاش میں سرگرداں رہنے کے بعد پٹنہ یونیورسٹی میں پہلے اردو کے لیکچرر ہوئے اورپھر ریڈر اوراسی پوسٹ پرسبکدوش ہوگئے۔ نظم اورنثر میں متعدد کتابیں اپنی یادگار چھوڑی ہیں، درویش صفت وقلندر منش، نہایت بے تکلف اور بے...
The life of Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) is described as role model in Holy Quran for all the Muslims and known as Uswa.e. Hasna. So, the importance of the life history of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) in every period before prophet hood and as a prophet cannot be denied in any walk of life. But the makki period of the Prophet’s life has not enlightened in such a way as it has importance. Many aspects of makki period has been discussed in history and seerah writing but along with this a lot of aspects has been not given due importance in contemporary seerah writing. The basic sources of hadith o seerah provides lots of material on this aspect. In the makki period, Muslims were in minority and they had to face a lot of religious, social, economic and political issues in their lives. Now a days, in modern world majority of Muslims lives in western and non. Muslim societies and have to spend their lives as minority in that socities. In a state of minority, they have to face a lot of religious, social and economical issues in their lives. These problems can be solved in the light of seerah especially from the teachings of makki period, it can provide a lot of religious solutions in contemporary societies in a better way. This article will throw light on teachings of makki period and discuss the solutions of Muslim’s problems as minority in the light of fiqh. Ul. Seerah.
The objective of this dissertation is to develop fourth order compact moving mesh method. This method is a hybrid of compact method and moving mesh method. The usual second order method becomes less suitable due to the increase of number of grid points to achieve the required accuracy. In this method, only three nodes are needed to yield a fourth order accuracy whereas other methods would have required five nodes and more computational effort to achieve the same accuracy. Compact moving mesh method is used to solve one dimensional gas dynamics equations. Compact method and moving mesh method are also reviewed in this dissertation. The results obtained by using compact moving mesh method are compared with the results determined by using second order finite difference method for gas dynamics equations.