Islamic World in the Global Scenario, Challenges and Strategy: A Study From the Seerat Nabawi’s Perspective

Islam is the perfect religion from every aspect and for every time which provides guidelines for all situations of human life. Islamic political system is one of these aspects which is based on the principles of Holy Quran and sayings of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and it supports such a civil structure which follows the directives and requirements mentioned in the afore said two main sources. In Islamic political system, the supreme authority is Almighty Allah and human being utilizes this right as His vicegerent. The present global political system and the strategy of Muslims invite the attention of the thinkers around the globe for effective international interaction between Islamic world and others. This shows that serious deliberations are direly needed to compete with the current challenges. In the present paper, the contemporary situation of global political system will be discussed in order to determine the development of western political system, suggest means to compete with the challenges of this age and to facilitate in devising a suitable strategy for it

Thermodynamic Stability, Defect Formation Energetics and Electronic Structure of 4D and 5D Perovskites from First-Principles Calculations

In the present study we explore 4d and 5d perovskite oxides of alkaline-earth metals which find applications in both electronic and renewable energy devices. We investigate the atomic structure, electronic properties and defect formation energies of intrinsic vacancies as well as oxygen vacancy clustering in AZrO3 and AHfO3 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) compounds. For this purpose all-electron Full-potential linear augmented plane-wave plus local-orbitals method within the framework of density functional theory has been employed. A detailed investigation of the electronic properties of aforementioned compounds is carried out by means of electronic band structures, density of states, charge densities and effective Bader Charges. The chemical stability diagrams of these compounds are also obtained from the total energy calculations which are used for determining the tolerance of the AZrO3 and AHfO3 compounds towards intrinsic vacancy defects under different growth conditions. Moreover, various cases of oxygen vacancy clustering are considered for predicting stable configuration of ordered oxygen vacancies and n-type conductivity in oxygen deficient AZrO3 and AHfO3 perovskite oxides. It is found that pristine AZrO3 and AHfO3 perovskite oxides are large band gap materials. We show that A site metal-atom vacancy is more likely 18 to be achieved during the synthesis of these materials and can be used for tuning p-type nature. On the other hand, the large band gap of all AZrO3 and AHfO3 perovskite oxides can be considerably reduced by introducing isolated oxygen vacancies in these materials. A systematic analysis of ordered oxygen vacancies in different layers of these materials allows us to predict that n-type conduction in AZrO3 and AHfO3 can be realized when oxygen vacancies cluster in the ZrO2 and HfO2 layers of these compounds, respectively. Our results provides useful information concerning the utilization of these materials in electronic, optical and energy devices.