This research has investigated the teachers’ job satisfaction and the role of secondary principals in the context of Pakistan, which has an ultimate impact on student achievement in a positive way. In fact, the goal is to improve the quality of education and improve the student performance in schools as the teachers’ satisfaction can improve the student performance, the research also indicates that creating a school culture that fosters open communication, provides a trusting atmosphere and a positive environment where teachers are satisfied with their jobs is an excellent place for the students to learn. This research has followed the studies done by Pettis (2017) on the relationship of employee’s perception of Administrator’s Leadership Style and their perceived empowerment in USA and found that, in higher education institutions, administrators that use transformational leadership style increased the faculty and staff’s perceived psychological empowerment. The study also followed Tobias (2017) that researched upon the relationship between Teachers’ Preferred Leadership Behaviors, and Teacher Job Satisfaction in the context of USA and hence found no statistically significant relationship between principal leadership behaviors and teachers’ job satisfaction. Hence, this study has taken some of the elements of the above studies and researched upon them in the context of Pakistan. The research was based upon the postpositivism philosophy and has used the quantitative paradigm with probabilistic sampling design, and it was cross-sectional in nature. The research has used the stratified random sampling and the teachers have been chosen based on the data provided by Sindh Education Statistics Report (2015-16). This study has targeted on the secondary school population as the main area of research is about the secondary schools. Karachi is divided into 6 districts and total teaching staff hired is 11,731. Hence, the sample size was chosen to be 5% (586) of the total teaching staff hired in public schools in Karachi as mentioned in the population size. It has been revaled by applying two statistical techniques Pearson and Spearman on the study hypotheses that, first hypothesis has been proved as all elemements of independent variables are co-related with the overall job satisfaction of Secondary school teachers as p value is less than 0.05. Although, Principals’ empowerment, accountability, courage are moderatly corelated with teachers job satisfction having the relationship stregnth almost or more than 50% in both tests results. Although, in the case of second hypothesis, it has been observed that, the components of job satifaction namely job supervison, colleagues, remuneration, responsibility, advancmeent, recognition are statistically significant with more than one independent variable elements: principals’ empowerment, accountability and courage and standing back. However, However, the strength of relationship between principals’ empowerment, accountability and courage and job supervision has found to be moderate in nature while weak in all other cases. Moreover, the thid hypothesis is also accepted as job supervision, remuneration, advancement and responsibility are statistically significant with the Transactional leadership style as their correlation value of both Pearson and Spearman is less than 0.05. However, colleagues and recognition are not found to be co-related with the transactional leadership. Although, job supervision, remuneration, and responsibility strength of relationship is weak in nature with the Transactional leadership style. However, advancement characteristics is found to be having moderate strength of relationship with the Transactional leadership style. However, the fourth and second last hypothesis is also accepted as job supervision, remuneration, advancement and responsibility are found to be statistically significant with the Transformational leadership style. Neverthesless, recognition is found to be negatively co-related with the Transformational leadership. However, colleagues’ characteristics is found to be statistically co-related with the Transformational leadership style only in Pearson correlation test. But, recognition is found to be statistically negatively co-related in both tests. Last but not the least, the fifth Hypothesis has also been proved as more than one of the variables is statistically significant with the moderate variable. It is to observed that job supervision and responsibility are statistically significant with the Laissez-faire leadership style as their correlation value of both Pearson and Spearman is less than 0.05. However, the colleagues and remuneration are also found to be statistically co-related with the Laissez-faire leadership style in Pearson correlation test. Although, job supervision, colleagues, remuneration and responsibility are negatively corelated in both statistical tests but, their strength of relationship is found to be weaker in nature with the Laissez-faire leadership style. However, advancement and recognition both are found not to be statistically co-related with the Laissez-faire leadership style. At the end, the research suggests that principal attitude have a significant impact on the job performance of teachers as a whole and the academic performance of their students in Pakistan. Hence, it can be concluded at the end of this study that, principals and teachers need to work together to provide an atmosphere that is conducive to the education process of Pakistan.
مولانا مجاہد الاسلام قاسمی افسوس اور سخت افسوس ہے کہ آل انڈیا مسلم پرسنل لا بورڈ کے صدر آل انڈیا ملی کونسل اور اسلامک فقہ اکیڈمی کے بانی اور جنرل سکریٹری، امارت شرعیہ بہار، اڑیسہ اور جھارکھنڈ کے قاضی القضاۃ و نائب امیر شریعت اور ملک و بیرون ملک کے متعدد علمی و تعلیمی اور مذہبی اداروں کے رکن مولانا قاضی مجاہد الاسلام صاحب ۴؍ اپریل ۲۰۰۲ء کو وفات پاگئے۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ اس قحط الرجال اور پُر آشوب دور میں جب امت مسلمہ پر ہر طرف سے یلغار ہورہی ہے، اس کی مشکلات اور دشواریاں روز بروز بڑھی جاری ہیں اور اس کے مسائل کی پیچیدگی اور الجھاؤ میں برابر اضافہ ہورہا ہے، قاضی صاحب جیسے راہبر و مجاہد کا اسے چھوڑ کر چلا جانا اس کی کتنی بڑی بدنصیبی ہے آج شبیر پر کیا عالم تنہائی ہے ظلم کی چاند پہ زہرا کے گھٹا چھائی ہے ابھی ان کی عمر زیادہ نہیں تھی اور طوفان حوادث میں گھری ہوئی ان کی قوم و ملت کو ان کی سخت ضرورت تھی، مگر مشیتِ ایزدی میں کس کو دخل ہے؟ سمجھ میں نہیں آتا کہ اس ہولناک سناٹے میں جب نہ کہیں بوئے دم ساز اور کوئی آواز آتی ہے کون حریف مئے مردافگن عشق ہوگا۔ وہ ضلع دربھنگہ (بہار) کے قصبہ جالہ میں ۱۹۳۶ء میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، اسلامی عہد میں ان کا خاندان عہدۂ قضاپر فائز تھا۔ ان کے والد بزرگوار مولانا عبدالاحد صاحب ممتاز عالمِ دین اور شیخ الہند مولانا محمود حسن کے ارشد تلامذہ میں تھے، قاضی صاحب کی ابتدائی تعلیم گھر پر ہوئی، اپنے ضلع کے بعض مدارس میں عربی کی ابتدائی تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد انہوں نے دارالعلوم مؤ میں داخلہ لیا، ۱۹۵۱ء میں دارالعلوم دیوبند پہنچے اور اس وقت کے اکابر علما سے کسب فیض کیا،...
Imam Abu bakar al-jassas is famous jurist of Hanafi school of thought. He wrote a great interpretation of Quran named Ahkam ul Quran. He has written more than fifteen books. In his interpretation of Quran, he doesn’t interpret all Qur’anic verses, as is done by other commentators. He just explains the verses, which have directly a connection with fiq'h ul Ahkam. Al-jassas usually expresses his teachers as al-sarkhasi and other Hanafi's preferred opinion, and always gives systematic reasons for his preference. In the beginning of this article the methodology and characteristics of this interpretation are described in detail. There are many features in Ahkam ul quran that we have expressed i.e. Ahkam ul Quran is based on conventional narration, authentic quotations from the Islamic scholars and lingual and grammatical discussion with a critical explanation of Qur’anic words from lexical to technical and connection on the basis of grammatical and syntax regulations and illustration of differences between synonyms. He had been blamed by some traditionalists that he interprets some verses in wrong perspective and he discussed many irrelevant points in this. This article is an analytical study about these allegations. The result of this study is that kind of attitude towards his book is quite wrong by nature because imam Al-jassas describes his opinion in the light of his school of thought. Although, he got an Aggressive Behavior towards some famous Personalities of Islam, which is Inappropriate. In the end of study, the paper concludes that nobody can deny the importance of his interpretation at all.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent disease in women all-around the world. It is the leading cause of death in women. About 0.5 million deaths of breast cancer are reported worldwide. Options available for breast cancer treatment are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapeutics, e.g., doxorubicin, paclitaxel and cyclophosphamide. To improve therapeutics in breast cancer there is a need to develop better compounds with good efficacy and fewer side effects. The prime objective of present study is to analyze the activity of acetamide derivative, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (NA-2) and benzimidazoles derivative, 2-Amino-1 Me Benzimidazole (3Ve) on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Cytotoxic effects of NA-2 and 3Ve was determined by MTT assay. Doxorubicin was used as a standard drug in this study. Both NA-2 and 3Ve have shown dose dependent growth inhibition of MCF-7 cell line following 48h treatment. To explore the effects of these compounds on the mechanisms of apoptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis and proliferation the cells were treated with IC50 doses of these drugs. The process of wound healing was assessed by scratch assay. Both the compounds delayed the wound healing process significantly. The effect of these compounds on cell cycle stages was monitored by flowcytometry. Both NA-2 and 3Ve arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and DOX has shown G2/M arrest. The apoptosis was assessed though ANNEXIN-V FITC assay. The morphology was seen by using fluorescent microscope and quantification was done by flowcytometry. The cells after treatment with the test compounds and standard have demonstrated the morphology of apoptotic cells. NA-2 and DOX produced late appearance of apoptotic events and 3Ve resulted in early apoptosis. The effects of NA-2, 3Ve and DOX on BAX (proapoptotic) and BCL2 (antiapoptotic) were also studied. Following 48 hours treatment, NA-2, 3Ve and DOX have enhanced BAX expression and attenuated BCL2 expression as compared to untreated control group. The results were also significant when we studied the effects of the compounds on BAX/ Bcl 2 on protein expression level by immunocytochemistry. Angiogenesis was assessed by using the markers VEGF and AKT. To observe antiangiogenic effect of the compounds RT-PCR was performed but none of these was effective to decrease the gene expression of XIV aforementioned markers.The anti proliferative effect of the compounds was further assessed by cellular markers of signal transduction pathway involved in breast cancer progression. These are JAK1, JAK3, STAT2 and STAT5A, which are highly expressed in breast cancer. The effects of the compounds were assessed on both gene and protein expression level. The results of both the compounds were found more significant on JAK 1 and STAT 2 expression levels. The same pattern was seen with Doxorubicin. While in case of JAK3, NA-2 did not diminish either gene or protein expression while 3Ve and DOX decreased the expression at genetic as well as protein level. The gene and protein expression of STAT5A following 3Ve treatment decreased after 48 h significantly. NA-2 and DOX were only effective to diminish the protein expression of STAT5A. We therefore draw a conclusion that NA-2 and 3Ve can inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by induction of apoptosis and arrest of cell cycle at different stages. NA-2 and 3Ve have also attenuated different markers of JAK/STAT pathway.