Landslides are frequent hazard in the mountainous region of Pakistan with significant threat to surrounding infrastructure and communities. Landslide inventories and susceptibility maps are prerequisite for landslide hazard mitigation; however, these are rarely available for most of the mountainous areas in northern Pakistan. Traditionally, landslide inventory is manually developed through visual interpretation of remote sensing image and aerial photographs. Recently, Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) image classification technique is effectively applied to high resolution remote sensing data for rapid and precise landslide detection and temporal change analysis. However, due to unavailability of timely and optimal remote sensing data, OBIA methods are rarely applied for quick post-disaster landslide inventory and susceptibility assessment. Aim of this study is to utilize manual and semi-automated techniques for landslide inventories and susceptibility assessment. The selected study areas include Hunza-Nagar valley of Gilgit Baltistan and Muzaffarabad region of Azad Kashmir in northern Pakistan.For Hunza Nagar valley, landslide inventory was developed using visual interpretation of the SPOT-5 multi-spectral data in 3D environment. The acquired landslide inventory is correlated with seven landslide causative factors through Weight of Evidence and Frequency Ratio techniques, to developed landside susceptibility map for the study area. The produced landslides susceptibility maps are validated by the success rate and area under curves criteria. The prediction powers of the statistical models are also validated with the prediction rate curve. It is observed that Weight of Evidence modeling is suited for landslide susceptibility mapping in the study area. The developed landslide inventory and susceptibility map can be used for landslide disaster mitigation strategies. However, it was observed that manual development of landslide inventory over a large area is laborious and time consuming.OBIA technique is used for rapid and precise detection of landslides in the Muzaffarabad and Balakot surrounding regions in northern Pakistan. Transferability and efficiency of the three existing OBIA landslide detection methods are assessed for landslide detection. OBIA technique is modified and applied to the SPOT-5, SPOT-6 and ALOS PALSAR DEM data for landslides detection in the Muzaffarabad and Balakot region. The SPOT-6 multi-spectral data with ALOS PALSAR DEM derivatives e.g. slope, aspect, hill-shade, vi elevation and streams are used for semi-automated landslide detection. The spectral, contextual, textural, spatial and morphological characteristics of landslide in remote sensing image are assessed for landslide identification. Moreover, a semi-automated method is developed to use the recently launched and freely available Sentinel-2 MSI data for near-real time landslide monitoring and temporal change detection. NDVI, terrain slope and mean brightness were found useful for landslide recognition in the area. The resultant semi-automated landslide inventories are validated through confusion matrix. The temporal change analysis shows that landslides area and numbers are increased from the year 2016 to 2018 in the study area. The developed semi-automated method using the Sentinel-2 time series data depicts that the Sentenil-2 data could be used for rapid post-disaster landslide detection, monitoring and spatio-temporal change analysis in the landslide prone areas over a regional scale. OBIA based landslide inventory for the year 2018 used for landslide susceptibility assessment in the study area. The proposed OBIA method can help to develop landslide inventory relatively quickly, and hereafter has the capability to be used for landslide susceptibility, hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment. Moreover, the results from this study can help in disaster risk mitigation and quick inventory and susceptibility assessment in the aftermath of a landslide triggering events like earthquake or rainfall.
مولانا عبدالصمد رحمانی تین مہینہ کے سفر کے بعد جب ۳/جون کوبحمداﷲ بہمہ وجوہ خیریت و عافیت واپسی ہوئی توجن احباب اوربزرگوں کے انتقال پرملال کی خبر سے سخت افسوس اوررنج ہوا ان میں مولانا عبدالصمد صاحب رحمانی بھی تھے۔مولانا ان اکابر علم وفضل اوراصحاب ورع وتقوی میں سے تھے جن کے دم سے اسلام کی روحانی اوردینی واخلاقی عظمت کی آبرو قائم ہے۔ ان کی استعداد بڑی پختہ تھی، مطالعہ وسیع، نظر دقیق اورفہم ثاقب رکھتے تھے۔ یوں تو سب ہی علوم دینیہ و مروجۂ مدارس عربیہ سے ان کو قلبی لگاؤ تھا لیکن فقہ اورحدیث سے ان کوزیادہ دلچسپی اور مناسبت تھی۔ جب گفتگو کرتے تھے توان کی باتوں سے رسوخ فی العلم کے ساتھ سنجیدگی ٔرائے،ذہانت اورتوازن فکر کے بھبکے آتے تھے۔عملاً بڑے قناعت پسند اور درویش صفت بزرگ تھے، ہرچیز میں سادگی اور بے تکلفی ملحوظ رکھتے تھے۔ صاحب درس اورصاحب تصنیف وتالیف بھی تھے۔ ملک کی تحریک آزادی کے ہراوّل دستے میں تھے لیکن آزادی کے بعد ملک میں جوحالات پیش آئے اورجن کا سلسلہ اب بھی جاری ہے، انھوں نے بعض دوسرے مجاہدین وطن کی طرح ان کو اس درجہ دل شکستہ اور مایوس کردیا تھا کہ وہ سب کچھ چھوڑ چھاڑ گوشہ نشین ہوگئے تھے۔ چند برس سے مجموعۂ امراض واسقام تھے اوربہت کمزور ہوگئے تھے، آخر وقت موعود بھی آپہنچا۔اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت وبخشش اور رفع درجات کی نعمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے۔آمین [جون۱۹۷۳ء]
This research is based on the correction of a common mistake that is used in many of the books and scientific field. It has been spread among many of researchers these days that the Prophet Mohammad’s (SAW) Companions stripped the Holy Qur’an off the dots and diacritics to cover the aspects of the Holy Qur’anic readings. In the introduction, the researcher talks about the importance of the topic and the reason why it has been chosen. In the first chapter covers the meaning of the terms that the research is based on such as: dots, inserting dots, diacritics and stripping. The second chapter, the researcher mentions the implications of stripping and clarifies its meaning and its effect on the understanding of the researchers at the present time. In the third chapter, the researcher talks about the history of dots, where he mentions and analyzes a number of old inscriptions that are considered as the basis from which Arabic language was developed. In conclusion, the researcher refers to the most important findings and recommendations.
In the contemporary post-9/11 era, Islam has been conflated with terrorism in the popular imagination through the discursive rhetoric of radicalism, Jihadism and illegal violence. This study explores how selected fictional narratives by Western and Muslim authors participate and intervene in this reductive discursive framing. Setting up the categories of post-9/11 neo-Orientalist novel and post-9/11 counter-Orientalist novel, I explore the dual role of fictional narratives in both the reiteration of a regime of truth of radical Islamic terrorism and the strategic contestation and subversion of this rhetoric through the generation of alternative modes of knowledge and subjectivation. I investigate these thematic concerns through a close textual analysis of the selected fictional works in the light of Michel Foucault’s genealogical concepts of dispositif, power/knowledge, problematization and ethical practices of the self. The theoretical framework of this study is also shaped through the insights of Giorgio Agamben, Achilles Mbembe and Falguni Sheth on the contemporary expressions of power and those of Saba Mahmood, Karen Vintges, Neslihan Cevik and Inez Valdez regarding Muslim agency. The study concludes that strategies of racialization, gendering and sexualization play a pivotal role in the generation of objects and subjects of Islamic terrorism. This research highlights that the abnormal subjectivity of the Muslim monster-terrorist enables the post-9/11 neo-Orientalist novel to generate structures of cultural and psychological knowledge that support various forms of power. Qualitative analysis of selected Western and Muslim writers reveals that structures of historicization and politicization enable the post-9/11 counterOrientalist novel to subvert this neo-Orientalist framing of Islam and to reframe Muslim and Western subjectivities and actions through the lens of subaltern dissidence against imperial violence. This study finds that a group of post-9/11 counter-Orientalist novels also form structures of critical counter-knowledge and autonomous post-Islamist identities through the generation of a syncretic, postcolonial alternative Islamic modernity.