Since 2007, the judiciary in Pakistan has gone from the traditional state of passive institution for enhancing the interests of the executive to an independent institution. It has started asserting its power and role as a genuine enforcer of the law for the interests of the general public. Its role as an arbitrator in the various disputes over sharing of powers between the branches of the government is considered applaudable by many sections of the society. Similarly, Parliament introduced significant reforms to set the tradition of consolidating the democracy and good governance in the country. Positively, the devolution of authority to the provincial governments, reduction in the discretionary power of the president, restoring the parliamentary character and enhancing the oversight on judicial appointments have bolster the power of the legislature in the country. The purpose of this study is to trace how these changes took place and their impact on the citizens of Pakistan. I have examined the consequences of more vibrant and active judiciary on the principle ‘separation of powers in the perspective of people empowerment’ analyzing the case of Pakistan. The ways and manners in which the separation of powers has taken place are tried to comprehensively analyze. The thesis draws mostly upon the declassified official data since 1947 to onwards. It tries to describe the dominant role of the executive over the other branches of the government. Efforts have been made to highlight the reasons behind the lack of construction relationships among the three institutions. So the main concern of this study is whether or not separation of powers is a way to empower the people in the political system of Pakistan. For this, the arguments presented in the study are: first, the lack of liberty and empowerment is not due to the absence of separation of powers in the political system of Pakistan, but it is because of overall centralized settings. Second, the separation of powers is not the ultimate solution for the lack of empowerment of the people. This finding is based on these observations: (1) the principle, separation of powers has been missing in Pakistan for the long time. (2) v Prolonged and repeatedly undemocratic rules (authoritarian regimes) in Pakistan have made the parliament and courts more submissive than an independent institutions (3) Democracy has just completed its five year term. Conversely, the dissertation explores the underlying relationship of empowerment with the democracy. Third, the people of Pakistan demonstrated more support for democracy. Their participation in elections indicates the trust of people in democratization. The increasing trend of political pluralism has enabled the legislature to exercise effective checks and balances on the executive branch of the government. We cannot say that separation of powers as a principle to empower the people is irrelevant. In addition to this, the study argues that Pakistan needs more stable and viable democratic system.
اقرار کی مسدسِ مصطفی ﷺ پروفیسرڈاکٹرمحمدافتخارشفیع نعت کو دیگر اصناف ادب پر وہی تفوق حاصل ہے جو اس کی موضوعہ ہستی کو باقی انسانوں پرہے(یعنی بعدازخدا.....)۔گزشتہ صدیوں میںنعت کا تخلیق کردہ سرمایہ بہت زیادہ ہونے کے باوجود طلب سے کم ہے۔زمانوں کے تغیر نے کیسے کیسے نامیوں کے نشانات کو بود سے نابود کردیا ۔ دنیا کے فٹ پاتھ سے انسانی نسلوں کے نہ جانے کتنے گروہ بے خیالی میں گزر گئے ،ایسی مقدس ہستیاں بہت کم ہیں جنھوں نے جلوسِ جہاں میں اپنی یادوں کے دستخط ثبت کیے ۔وقت کے بہتے دھارے نے انسانی چہروں پر فراموشی کی دھول جما دی، لیکن چنیدہ لوگوں میں سر فہرست ایک باکمال ذات ایسی بھی ہے کہ وقت کا یہ سیلِ بے پناہ اس کے جمال ِپرانوار میں روز بہ روز اضافہ کرتا جارہا ہے۔اس کا ذکر حسب ِوعدہ بلند سے بلند تر ہوتا جارہا ہے ۔دنیا کے دیگر مذاہب اور عقاید میں تصویریں اور بت بنا کر اپنے مشاہیر کو خراج تحسین پیش کرنے کی روایت موجود تھی،اسلام میں اس کی سخت ممانعت کی وجہ سے پیغمبراسلام ﷺ کی خدمت میں الفاظ کا نذرانہ بہ ذریعہ نعت پیش کرنے کا آغاز ہوا۔ نعت کی صنف اپنے جلو میں متعدد فکری زاویے رکھتی ہے ۔آپ جناب سرکار صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم کی سیرت کے ساتھ ساتھ صورت میں بھی نورونکہت کی ہمیشگیاں فی الحقیقت اسی مقدار میں موجود ہیں جسے دوسرے لفظوں میں خیر کثیر کہا جاتا ہے۔جس طرح زندگی کے جمالیاتی زاویوں کی افادیت سے انکار ممکن نہیں بالکل اسی طرح اس عظیم ہستی کے جمال پرنور کی عظمت سے کیسے انکارممکن ہے۔ہماری شاعری میں داخلی کیفیات کی ترجمانی ہو، یا ملت کے اصلاح احوال کے تذکرے، ملتِ بیضا کی مشکلات کو استغاثے کی صورت میں بیان کرنے کا ہنر ہو یا حسن وجمال روحانی نقش گری...
In order to protect consumer rights, the government has made regular legislation on national and provincial level. In which the rights of the consumers are clearly explained. These rules are contemporary and comprehensive, those who are more likely to ensure the protection of consumer rights. With the help of these laws, different issues and conflicts of consumers can be resolved. The Sharia, the rights reserved for the users/consumers are also of a wide variety. In this article first the contemporary laws of Pakistan about the consumers protections has been explained and then in the lights of Saying of Muhammad (PBUH) the rights of users and consumers have been mentioned in details, in the last the comparison of the both laws is presented.
The thesis addresses the dynamics of low-frequency planetary electromagnetic (EM) waves and nonlinear solitary structures (vortices and zonal flows) in the Earth’s weakly ionized ionosphere of the E- and F-layers. The propagation of EM inertio-gravity waves in the partially ionized ionospheric E- and F-layers is considered in the shallow water approximation. Accounting of the field-aligned current is the main novelty of the investigation. Existence of two new eigen-frequencies for fast and slow EM waves is revealed in the ionospheric E-layer. It is shown that in F-layer slowly damping new type of inertial-fast magnetosonic waves can propagate. Slowly damping low-frequency oscillations connected with the field-aligned conductivity are found. Broad spectrum of oscillations is investigated. Existence of the new type of coupled EM ULF waves in the Earth’s ionospheric E-layer is revealed. It is shown that in the weakly ionized E-layer along with the prevalent effect of Hall conductivity the latitudinal inhomogeneity of both the Coriolis parameter and the geomagnetic field becomes essential for the ULF waves under the consideration. Action of these effects leads to the coupled propagation of EM Rossby and Khantadze modes on the one hand and coupled propagation of Rossby, Alfvén and Khantadze modes on the other hand. As a result the new type of dispersive Alfvén waves is revealed. Linear propagation properties of such coupled waves are given in detail. Possibility of existence of the other new coupled Internal-gravity and Alfvén EM planetary waves in the weakly ionized ionospheric E-layer is shown. Under such coupling new type of Alfvén waves is revealed. Simplified set of nonlinear equations describing the dynamics of mentioned coupled EM modes in the conductive weakly ionized E-layer is obtained: 1) spatially 2D equations in case of coupled Rossby-Khantadze and coupled Internal-gravity-Alfvén, and 2) spatially 3D equations in case of coupled Rossby-Alfvén-Khantadze modes, respectively. The possibility of self-organization of Rossby-Khantadze modes turbulent state into the nonlinear solitary vortical structures of dipole type in the non-dissipative ionosphere is shown analytically. Conditions for such self-organization are given. It is revealed that nonlinear large-scale vortices may generate the stronger pulses of the geomagnetic field (of the order of (10 4 - 10 5 nT ) ) than the corresponding linear waves. Nonlinear instability of short wavelength turbulence of mentioned coupled Rossby- Khantadze, Internal-Gravity-Alfvén, and Rossby-Alfvén-Khantadze EM planetary modes with respect to the excitation of low-frequency and large-scale perturbations of sheared zonal flow and magnetic field is revealed. The nonlinear mechanism of the instability is driven by the advection of vorticity and is based on the parametric excitation of zonal flow by four finite-amplitude coupled modes leading to the inverse energy cascade toward the longer wavelength. The corresponding driving forces along with the Reynolds stresses are stipulated by Maxwell’s stresses also. The growth rates of the corresponding instability and the conditions for driving them are determined. The possibility of generation of the intense mean magnetic field (of the order of (10 2 - 10 3 ) nT ) is shown. Obtained results undoubtedly will be useful for the interpretation of different observations on vortical motions, sheared zonal flows and magnetic field disturbances in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.