Purpose: This study provides a theoretical framework that explores the personality traits that influence new product adoption in rural environment. Five personality traits form part of the framework, namely; consumer innovativeness, dogmatism, social character (inner and other directed), and need for uniqueness. This study will pave a way in understanding the potential behavior of consumers toward adoption of a newly introduced product in a given environment. Following the conceptualization of NPA, a conceptual model was proposed which represents five hypotheses: two hypotheses were supported and three hypotheses were not supported. Methodology: The data was collected from selected (rural) areas of upper Sindh province of Pakistan using convenient sampling procedure; there were 430 respondents in the sample. Five-point Likert scale was adapted for the study, and a pilot test was used to confirm the validity of the scales and the correctness of the datagathering procedure. Following the data gathering and coding, validity and reliability tests were carried out on the entire sample. Keeping in view various constructs of conceptual model, the proposed hypotheses were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (AMOS v.20) to test the impact of the constructs on NPA. Findings and contribution of research: The evidence related to the model suggests that consumer innovativeness and need for uniqueness are the dominant factors (traits) in adopting a new product whereas social character (ID /OD), and dogmatism have no significant impact on new product adoption behavior, it suggests that consumer innovativeness and need for uniqueness traits of consumer personality are dominant factors in adopting a new fashion and clothing product in rural market. Research Limitations: First; the results of this study may not be appropriate for generalizing across the majority of Pakistani consumers, and in a global context. Second; the study is focusing only on fashion and clothing product category; third, only selected personality traits are examined in the study. 2 Implications: By examining the potential behavior of rural consumers, the study facilitates the possibility of consumer behavior research that, in new product adoption decision consumer personality (traits) should have a significant contribution, thus providing a better understanding of influence of their personality traits on new product adoption. KEYWORDS: New product adoption, consumer innovativeness, dogmatism, social character, need for uniqueness, personality, fashion and clothing, and rural consumers.
پیش لفظ کہتے ہیں جب سقراط کو زہر کا پیالہ دیا گیا اور اس نے مسکراتے ہوئے اسے اپنے ہو نٹوں سے لگاناچاہا تو اس کے ایک شاگرد نے زار قطار روتے ہوئے کہا ’’استاد مجھے افسوس ہے کہ آپ بے گناہ مارے جائیں گے‘‘سقراط نے زہر کے پیالے کو ذرا اور مضبوطی سے پکڑتے ہوئے کہا میں بے گناہ ضرور مارا جائوں گا لیکن میری یہ بے گناہی مجھے تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رکھے گی ۔تم اپنا مشن جا ری رکھنا ‘‘حقیقت بھی یہی ہے کہ ابدی زندگی انہی کو نصیب ہو تی ہے جو بے گناہ مارے گئے یا جو کسی عظیم مقصد کی خاطر اپنے نظریے کی صداقت کا پرچم بلند رکھتے ہوئے اپنے خالقِ حقیقی سے جا ملے ، یہ تاریخ کا فیصلہ ہے کہ آزاد منش لوگوں نے اپنی آزادی کے لیے ہمیشہ رسم دار کو زندہ رکھا ۔ہر زمانے میں کوئی نہ کوئی منصور ضرور پیدا ہو اجس نے اپنے عہدِ وفا کو نبھانے کے لیے اس رسم کو زندہ رکھنے کے لیے یہ علان کیا کہ : ہم ہیں منصور اس زمانے کے ہم سے ہی رسمِ دار زندہ ہے انسانی تاریخ کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات واضح ہو جاتی ہے کہ ہنسی خوشی زندگی قربان کرنے کا جذبہ اور سر فروشی کی رسم کے پس منظر میں دو محرکات بہت نمایاں رہے ایک تو مذہب اور دوسرا سیاسی فلسفہ ۔ انسانی وقار اور تقدیس کو زندہ رکھنے والی سوچ اور فکر کی آزادی ضمیر کی آواز کی سر بلندی کے لیے جن لو گوں نے کسی سیاسی پلیٹ فارم پر جد وجہد کی انسانی قدرو ں کی پاسداری اور حقیقی جمہوری معاشرے کے لیے جدو جہد کی بلا شبہ تاریخ انسانی میں ان کا نام ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا ۔ سر فروشی کے اس قبیلے...
This research is about the effect of text meaning on the constitutional rule that related to the Islamic Sharia principles. The Islamic Sharia principles are the source of legislation in the Arab constitutions. It will also look in the impact of this constitutional rule on organizing the principle of equality among citizens in various fields; equality in front of the law and judicature, and equality in rights and freedoms. In particular, this research highlights how the impact of text on the constitutional rule affects on organizing the equality between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens, also between men and women of Muslim citizens. Thus, this research has been split into four topics that addressed respectively as follows: First, what is Islamic Sharia and Legislation in Islamic Fiqh (doctrine). Second, the semantics of multiple formulations of the Islamic Sharia principle as a source of legislation in the constitution. Third, the principle of equality in both, the Islamic Sharia and the positive law. Finally, the impact of the text on the Islamic Sharia principle of Arab constitutions in organizing the equality principle among citizens. The research concluded with set of results that can be summarized as follows: Every formula that has been used in the constitutional rule of the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arabic countries has a different semantics and results that lead to different obligations in the way of organizing the equality principle in the legislative bodies either in constitution's document or in ordinary laws. Also, the research concluded that the Islamic Sharia as a public principle doesn't conflict with the positive law in recognizing the equality principle among citizens in different fields, but the conflict is in the understanding and application of some fields of equality among citizens in different religions and genders. The researcher came with set of recommendations including clarifying wording of the text that related to the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arab constitution rules. These clarifications should prevent any other interpretations. In addition, the researcher suggested to adopt this formula: the original principles of Islamic Sharia is the main source of legislation. Also, formulations of equality principle among citizens in all its manifestations in the constitutions must be consistent with the original Islamic Sharia principle. Also, all the texts that related to the equality among citizens, and between men and women should included the sentence "with no conflict with the original Islamic Sharia principles".
In this research formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in goat and sheep meat were studied during natural gas grilling, wood charcoal grilling and oil frying. The effect of different types of condiments in reducing the formation of PAHs during these procedures was also studied. The meat of five organs (chest, foreleg, heart, hind leg and liver of goat and sheep was obtained and cleaned well. After homogenizing, except control, each sample was cooked using three procedures and all the samples including controls after extracting and concentrating were analysed and identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the mass of titled eight HPLC identified PAHs was verified using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The concentration of the tittled eight PAHs in control samples was not observed to be significant and the maximum increase in said eight PAHs was observed due to wood charcoal grilling. In case of goat, hind leg showed maximum concentration of PAHs in all cooking methods, ranging up to 11.11ng/g in gas grilling, 30.39ng/g in wood charcoal grilling and 24.82ng/g for oil frying. The minimum concentrations were found in liver ranging 0.47ng/g for gas grilling, 1.31ng/g for wood charcoal grilling and 0.74ng/g for oil frying. Similar trend of PAHs production was found in sheep meat. Effect of condiments on the formation of titled eight PAHs explained that modified condiments type III (Normal condiments + onion + garlic + ginger + clove + lemon juice) proved to be the best to reduce the formation of all the selected PAHs in the heat treated meat samples. T-test and ANOVA statistically confirmed the results with 95% confidence interval. It was concluded that open flame grilling should be avoided and condiments used prior to cooking minimize the production of PAHs.